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End of Course (Molecular Genetics (Purpose of DNA: is a nucleic acid that…
End of Course
Molecular Genetics
Purpose of DNA: is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions for the development and function of living things.
RNA: A single-stranded nucleic acid. Process begins with the information in a gene being transcribed into an RNA molecule, a process called transcription.
Replication: Step 1: The Separation of DNA Strands. Step 2: Replication Fork Formation. Step 3: Binding of Bases to Each Strand. Step 4: The Termination of the Replication Process.
Kayrotype: the number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell nuclei of an organism or species.
Evolution
Natural Selection: the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. The theory of its action was first fully expounded by Charles Darwin and is now believed to be the main process that brings about evolution.
Directional Selection:is a mode of natural selection in which an extreme phenotype is favored over other phenotypes, causing the allele frequency to shift over time in the direction of that phenotype. "Things happen"
Genetic Drift: variation in the relative frequency of different genotypes in a small population, owing to the chance disappearance of particular genes as individuals die or do not reproduce.
Mendelian Genetics
Test-Cross: a genetic cross between a homozygous recessive individual and a corresponding suspected heterozygote to determine the genotype of the latter.
Mendel's Laws
Independent Assortment: that when two or more characteristics are inherited, individual hereditary factors assort independently during gamete production, giving different traits an equal opportunity of occurring together.
Intermediate Inheritance: (non-mendalian) This type of inheritance, or passing down of traits from parent to offspring, is called intermediate inheritance, also known as incomplete dominance.
Codominance: (non mendalian) form of dominance wherein the alleles of a gene pair in a heterozygote are fully expressed. This results in offspring with a phenotype that is neither dominant nor recessive.
Law of Dominance: “In a cross of parents that are pure for contrasting traits, only one form of the trait will appear in the next generation. Offspring that are hybrid for a trait will have only the dominant trait in the phenotype.”
Law of Segregation: states that allele pairs separate or segregate during gamete formation, and randomly unite at fertilization.
Cell Reproduction
Meiosis: has two rounds of genetic separation and cellular division. homologous chromosomes separate leading to daughter cells that are not genetically identical.
Mitosis: mitosis only has one of each of genetic separation and cellular division. The daughter cells are identical to the parent as well as to each other.
Cell Types
Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus. Can be single-celled or multi-celled, such as you, me, plants, fungi, and insects.
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