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Social Psychology (How does the social situation affect our behaviour?…

- - - - the power influence a group exerts on the judgement of an individual
      - its effect has cultural differences
    - - Ambiguity (correct answer is not very clear)
      - Makeup of the majority (when group has high status/perceived as impt)
      - Making a public response vs a private/anonymous one
      - Self-esteem
      - Size of the group
      - Power of an ally
      - Unanimity of the majority
      - Independents (individuals who don't conform)
    - - experiment that shows how social influence can lead to internalisation of a new norm
    - - conformity
        
        brain's cortex dedicated to vision & spatial awareness
      - independence
        
        right amygdala, associated with emotional salience
        
        resistance creates emotional burden, autonomy comes with psychic cost
  - - - Directive leadership, a dominant leader
      - High group cohesiveness with absence of dissenting views
      - Lack of norms requiring methodical procedures
      - Homogeneity of members' social background & ideology
      - High stress from external threats with low hope of better solution that that of group leader
  - - - responses depends on the social situation created by the researcher
      - Heroes
        
        people able to resist situational forces that overwhelm their peers & remain true to personal values
        
        Heroism: voluntary act on behalf of others in need, or in defense of moral cause, with potential personal risk/cost, &without expectation of tangible reward
      - cross-cultural tests show no diff
    - - victim was remote from the Teacher & can't be seen/heard
      - Teacher was under direct surveillance of authority figure
      - Authority figure had higher status relative to the Teacher
      - peer modeled obedience by complying with authority figure's commands
    - - Kitty Genovese murder
      - Speed of response depends on
        
        no. of bystanders present
        
        each person assumes others will help, so he/she doesn't have to make that commitment
        
        diffusion of responsibility
        
        dilution of each group member's obligation to help, to become personally involved
        
        conformity
        
        unfamiliar situations-->people take their cues from others
        
        those who failed to intervene were observing &conforming to ppl doing nothing
      - Better way to ask for help
        
        Clearly explain the problem & what should be done
        
        Identify specific individuals so they don't diffuse responsibility with others present
        
        Ask for help instead of assuming
- - - - sharing personal info& feelings develops trust
    - - best predictor of how a person would be liked after 1st meeting
    - - more rewarding to strike up a friendship with ppl who are similar
    - - ppl at work will make more friends among those with whom they have most contact
    - - Matching hypothesis
        
        Expectancy-value theory
        
        we initiate r/s with the most attractive ppl we think will probably like us in return
        
        dysfunctional r/s
        
        ppl with low opinions of self tend to form r/s with ppl who devalue them
        
        we find friends perceived to be abt the same level of attractiveness
        
        Recent research: attractiveness not good predictor
        
        Self-worth
        
        Social Desirability (popularity)
  - - - when ppl's cognitions &actions are in conflict, they reduce conflict by changing their thinking, attitudes and values to fit their behaviour
      - Japan vs American diff
        
        less need to maintain high self-esteem than americans
        
        cognitive dissonance has less power to change attitudes in japanese
      - Abusive r/s
        
        self-justification-->reduce dissonance by focusing on partner's good points or say he/she deserved the abuse
  - - - passion(erotic attraction), intimacy, commitment
  - - - Tend to attribute other's actions& misfortunes to their personal traits rather than to situational forces
    - - attribute own successes to internal factors & failures to external factors beyond our control
      - more widespread in individualistic cultures (USA) vs collective cultures
    - - 4 quadrants for combi of Low/High Warmth & Competence
- - - - more when object of scorn has distinctive features or when media creates diff in minds of dominant group
      - more probable when conditions worsen& ppl need someone to blame
    - - tendency to maintain conditions just the way they are
    - - Stereotyped images used to depict a certain group reinforces prejudicial social norms
    - - perceive someone unlike your group-->mentally place him at greater social distance than members of your group
      - less likely to view him as a social equal
    - - view others as less than human
      - a psychological process that biases perception& cognitions of others in ways depriving them of their humanity