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8.Population (((Barriers to migration
Poverty; not enough money.
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8.Population
- Barriers to migration
- Poverty; not enough money.
- Personal reasons; family ties.
- Visas.
- Voluntary migration
- Push factors;
- Lack of jobs.
- Lack of services.
- War.
- Pull factors;
- Jobs.
- Better services.
- Good climate.
- Organised migration;
planned by government.
- Reasons for migration
- Economic; to find work.
- Social; better quality of life/ family.
- Political; escape persecution or war.
- Environmental; natural disasters; flooding.
- Impact on place left behind
- Marriage and birth rates drop.
- Facilities; eg. sports clubs close.
- No skilled labour force; no industry.
- Farms are less productive without
young people.
- Impact on place people move to
- Demand for services.
- Demand for houses; prices rise.
- Development of dormitory towns.
- Infrastructure needs to be developed.
- Plantation of Ulster
- Reasons;
- Stop rebellions.
- Spread Protestant religion.
- Spread English customs.
- Effects;
- Towns; Coleraine and Londonderry built.
- Improved farming practices.
- Ulster began to export goods.
- Protestantism and Presbyterianism spread.
- The Troubles.
- Irish replaced by English.
- English and Scottish culture and traditions.
- European colonisation of South America
- Reasons;
- Wealthy.
- Grow crops that couldn't be grown in Europe; cotton, coffee.
- Spread Christianity.
- Effects;
- Languages spread; Portuguese and Spanish.
- Inca and Azetecs wied out.
- Amerindians wiped out; European diseases.
- Europeans brough African slaves -> racial diversity.
- Christianity spread.
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- North Italian Plain/ Plain of Lombardy
- Includes Venice and the industrial triangle; Milan,
Turin, Genoa.
- Continental climate; suitable for griculture.
- Low-lying land, bottom of Alps.
- Rivers generate HEP; attracts industry.
- Good drainage from River Po.
- River deposits minerals; keeps soil fertile.
- Lead and zinc provide raw materials for industry.
- Economic activities;
- Mixed farming.
- Car manufacturing, textiles and soil.
- Tourism.
- Many transport links; motorways and railways
accessible from Europe.
- Mezzogiorno
- Naples and industrial triangle; Bari, Brindisi, Taranto.
- Mediterranean climate; very dry -> bad for agriculture.
- Apennine mountain range; hilly and mountainous.
- Upland soil; thin. Deforestation causes soil erosion.
- Very few mineral resources.
- Economic activities;
- Around Naples; Campania; agricultural; of fertile soil; volcanoes.
- Not much industry.
- A little bit of tourism; but still a lot of unemployment.
- Transport is restricted due to the hilly land.
- High population densities
- Calcutta in India; Developing
- 14 mil+; rural to urban migration.
- Overcrowding; shanty towns called bustees.
- People live on streets; pavement dwellers.
- Difficult to provide services.
- Lack of open space for recreational activities.
- Lack of clean water; sewage pipes under pressure
burst and pollute the water supply.
- Spread of disease; overcrowding and dirty water.
- Hong Kong in China; Developed
- Density of 6,300 people per km squared.
- Overcrowding; land is being intensively used.
- High rise apartments; eyesore and block out
natural light.
- Cramped conditions; disease.
- Water supply polluted from sewage.
- Air is polluted from traffic james.
- Overcrowding; noise pollution.
- Lack of open space; land has been reclaimed
from the sea; polders.
- Low population densities.
- Mali in Africa; Developing
- French colony until 1960.
- Population; 15.8 mil.
- Part of Sahara.
- Density; 13 people per km squared.
- Low marriage rates; young people migrate for
work -> low birth rate.
- Abandonment of land; high temperatures and desertification; difficult for agriculture.
- Over-grazing/cropping -> soil erosion.
- Land-locked country; goods are imported on
land; unattractive for industry.
Irrigation need for agriculture.
- Undeveloped infrastructure.
- West of Ireland; Developed
- Low marriage rates; young people leave for work -> decrease in birth rate.
- Abandonment of land; difficult to make a living from farming. Farmers are older; use old-fashioned methods. Farms become neglected.
- Political and economic isolation; peripheral location; far away from markets. Undeveloped infrastructure; unattractive for industry.
- Factors that influence the rate of population change
- Food supply; agricultural revolution -> more food.
- War; strain on health services and water supplies.
After war; baby boom.
- Technological development; more productive farms.
New drugs and medical equipment.
- Health; Vaccines, antibiotics, access to doctors and clean water.
- Education; family planning, contraception, diets.
- Place of women in society; Uneducated; role is at home
-> higher birth rates.
- West of Ireland: population through history
- Before the famine (1840s);
- Sub division of land.
- Potato -> lots of food -> low mortality rates.
- People married young and had h big families.
- Famine;
- Blight; 1 mil+ died, 3 mil+ emigrated.
- After the famine;
- Stopped sub-dividing; sons emigrated.
- People waited to get married; reduced birth rate.
- Relatives abroad; more emigration.
- Today;
- Rural to urban migration; for jobs.
- Farming is difficult; mountainous land and infertile soil.
- Economic crisis -> emigration rates are high.
- Brazil: population through history
- Fifth largest country in the world.
- Before 1500s;
- 8 million people; hunter-gatherers.
- 1500s;
- Portuguese colonists arrive on the east coast.
- Population rose rapidly.
- Brought African slaves; racial diversity.
- Growth of industry -> more European migrants.
- 1960s;
- Encouragement to move inland.
- Capital city Brasilia built.
- Rainforest cleared out for agriculture.
- Today; inland population is still low because;
- Amazon River basin is hot and humid.
- Infertile soil (leeching).
- Dense rainforest.
- Disadvantages of developing the Amazon;
- Amerindians are forced leave; low immunity.
- Plants and animals destroyed.
- People are attracted to;
- Fertile soil.
- Favourable climates.
- Good drainage (less chance of flooding)
- Low lying land (easier to develop
economic activities)
- Good supply of resources.
- Why people are attracted to Dublin County.
- Seat of government.
- Companies have their head offices here/
- Centre of financial and commercial activity.
- Centre of education; universities.
- Educated workforce; attracts industry.
- Transport links; Dublin Port and Airport.
- Good farming land in the Greater Dublin Area.
- Service centre.
- Employment opportunities.
- Favourable climate.
- North/ South divide;
- North is developed.
- South is developing.
- Access to education and
health care.
- Corrupt governments.
- Child mortality rates.
- Life expectancy.
- Birth rate; no. of babies born per 1,000 people in a year.
- Death rate; no. of deaths per 1,000 people in a year.
- Migration; movement of people in and out of an area.
- Natural increase; more births than deaths.
- Natural decrease; more deaths than births.
- Demographer; someone who studies population change.
- Demograph transition model; graph that shows population change.
- Child mortality rate; no. of children per 1,000 that die under 5.
- Infant mortality rate: no. of babies per 1,000 that die under 1.
- Stages in a population cycle
- High fluctuating stage;
- Underdeveloped.
- High birth and death rate.
- Early expanding stage;
- Population rises; death rate falls.
- Eg. Mali.
- Late expanding stage;
- Developing well.
- Rising rapidly.
- Family planning.
- Eg. Brazil.
- Low fluctuating stage;
- Developed country.
- High population.
- Low birth and death rates.
- Eg. Ireland.
- Senile stage;
- Population going into decline.
- Mostly old people.
- Eg. Germany.
- Pessimistic view; view that population will rise explosively.
- Optimistic view; birth rates will drop as healthcare and education become more available.
- Population pyramids
- Shows gender and age profile.
- Birth and death rate.
- Life expectancy.
- How developed the country is.
- Government uses;
- Plan for future education or healthcare services.