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Exam Preparation! (Gastro Intestinal Tract (15 Marks) (Oesophagus…

- - - - Posterior to the Trachea
      - Starts in the neck
      - Through the Thorax and diaphragm and into the abdomen
    - - Made of
        
        Smooth Muscle
    - - Retro peritoneal
    - - Transport
  - - - upper part of the abdomen to the left
      - Entirely Intraperitoneal
    - - J shaped Organ
      - Main part
        
        Body of the Stomach
      - Pyloric canal Which connects with the Duodenum
      - Ends in...
        
        The Duodenum #
        
        Structure
        
        C shaped
        
        Location
        
        Retroperitoneal
        
        Lies on posterior Abdominal Wall
        
        Ends at Jejunum
        
        Anatomical Relation
        
        Pancreases
        
        liver
        
        Function
        
        Focused on Absorption
    - - Digestion
  - - - Starts with Jejunum #
        
        Location
        
        Anatomic Relations
        
        The Liver
        
        The Pancreases
        
        Lies Centrally within the Abdominal Cavity
        
        Intra Peritoneal
        
        Function
        
        Absorption
      - ileum
      - Ends with the Cecum
  - - - Begins with Cecum#
        
        Location
        
        Intra peritoneal
      - Ends with Rectum
        
        Location
        
        Intra peritoneal
      - Sigmoid Colon
        
        Retro Peritoneal
      - Defining Characteristics
        
        Haustra
        
        Function
        
        Waste matter moves from one Haustra to the next, water and minerals absorbed
        
        Location
        
        pouches on the large intestine
        
        Fatty appendages
        
        Location
        
        fatty tags on the large intestine
        
        Function
        
        Unknown
        
        teniae coli
        
        Location
        
        Outer longitudinal layer in the large intesine
        
        reduced to three predominant bands of Muscle
    - - Transportation of Wastes
      - Water Extraction
      - Generation of the Minerals
- - - - Frontal Lobe #
        
        Contains
        
        primary Motor Cortex
        
        Broca's Area
        
        Functions
        
        Motor
        
        Speech
        
        Location
        
        Left Side of Frontal Lobe
      - Parietal Love #
        
        Contains
        
        Primary Sensory Cortex
        
        Sensory Association
      - Temporal Lobe #
        
        Contains
        
        Primary Auditory Cortex
        
        Vernicas Sensory Speech area
        
        Helps to put words and written language together
        
        Hippocampal Formation
        
        Memory and emotion
        
        occipital Lobe
        
        Primary Visual Cortex
        
        Visual Association
      - Occipital lobe
    - - Pre Central Sulcus
        
        Separates
        
        Parietal Lobe
        
        Frontal Lobe
      - Sylvian Fissure
        
        Separates Temporal Lobe From...
        
        Frontal
        
        Parietal Lobes
- - - - Gross Anatomy Features
        
        Inferiorly
        
        Base
        
        Superiorly
        
        Apex
        
        Anterior, Inferior and posterior
        
        Borders
        
        Medial and Lateral
        
        Diaphragmatic Surfaces
      - Lobes
        
        Upper
        
        Lower
      - Fissures
        
        Oblique Fissure
    - - Lobes
        
        3 on the right
        
        Upper
        
        Middle
        
        Lower
      - Fissures
        
        Oblique Fissure
        
        Transverse Fissure
    - - Function
        
        Where structures that need to do so get in and out of the lungs
        
        The openings for the main Bronchi
        
        openings for the pulmonary veins and arterys
        
        Hilar Lymph nodes
        
        Processes all lymph fluid from the lungs
      - Location
        
        medial surface of the lung
  - - - Starts in the neck
      - moves into the thorax where it divides
      - Anatomical relations
        
        Anteriorly to the Oesophagus
      - Ends at T4
        
        Where it bifurcates into...
        
        Right Main Brochi
        
        Left Main Brochi
    - - C-Shaped Cartilage
        
        Completed Posteriorly By the Trachealis Muscle
        
        Connective Tissue Lies Between Each Incomplete Ring
      - Trachealis Muscle #
      - Connective Tissue #
- - - - Axillary
        
        Location
        
        Runs Into The Axillar
        
        Supplies
        
        Abductors Of the Arm
        
        Actions
        
        Teres Minor Muscles
        
        Lateral Rotation
        
        Deltoid
        
        Actions
        
        Abduction
      - Radial
        
        Location
        
        and then Anteriorly Across Elbow To anterior of Forearm
        
        Runs through the Triceps Muscle Then runs around the back of the Humerus
        
        Supplie
        
        All Extensors of the forearm
        
        All Extensors of the arm
        
        Injury
        
        A fracture of the top - midway of the Humerus would result in damage
      - Musculocutaneous
        
        Location
        
        Runs through coracobrachialis
        
        Supplies
        
        Flexors of the Arm
        
        coracobrachialis
        
        brachialis
        
        biceps
      - Median
        
        Location
        
        Runs down into the medial side of the humerus, then runs down anteriorly into the forearm. (crosses elbow anteriorly)
        
        Supplies
        
        flexors of the forearm
        
        flexors of the wrist
        
        flexors some of the digits
        
        1st, 2nd, 3rd and half of the 4th digit
        
        Injuries
        
        Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
        
        median nerve compression
        
        Causes
        
        Synovial inflammation (RA)
        
        Fluid Retention (pregnancy)
        
        Fractures (osteophytes)
        
        Hypothyroidism
        
        oedema in connective tissue
        
        Impaired kidney function
        
        Symptoms
        
        Tingling, burning sensation, numbness
        
        Impaired sensation in fingers, palm and thumb
        
        Thenar muscle weakness
        
        Ulnar Nerve not affected as it passes Superficially
      - Ulnar
        
        Supplies
        
        Muscles in the hand
        
        Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
        
        Action
        
        Flexion of forearm
        
        Flexion Of Wrist
        
        Flexion of Ulnar
        
        Medial Deviation/adduction of Wrist
        
        The Medial Half of Flexor digitorum profundus
        
        Actions
        
        Flexion of elbow
        
        Flexion Of Wrist
        
        Distal I-P joints
        
        Half of the 4th digit and the full 5th digit
        
        Location
        
        Runs along medial Side of Arm and forearm underneath the Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Muscle
        
        Runs Across Posterior Elbow Joint (Medial Epicondyle of the Humerus)
        
        Injury
        
        A fracture to the medial Epicondyle Would
        
        Affect Actions:
        
        Weak Flexion of the forearm, flexion and adduction of the wrist
        
        Flexion of the Medial 2 digits, third and fourth digits.
- - - - Femoral
        
        Location
        
        Runs over the Pelvis (protected by all of the structures on the anterior abdominal wall)
        
        Goes through Femoral Triangle (Also Fairly Well Protected)
        
        then runs through the Anterior compartment of the thigh
        
        Injury
        
        Highly Unlikely to be Injured due to the large amount of structures around it.
        
        Supplies
        
        Hip Flexors
        
        Pectineus
        
        adducts and flexes the thigh, assists with medial rotation of the thigh.
        
        Iliacus
        
        acts with psoas major and psoas minor (forming iliopsoas) to flex the thigh at the hip joint and stabilise the hip joint.
        
        Sartorius
        
        flexes, abducts and laterally rotates the thigh at the hip joint. Flexes the leg at the knee joint.
        
        Knee Extensors
        
        Quadriceps femoris (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis and vastus intermedius)
        
        extends the leg at the knee joint. Rectus femoris also steadies the hip joint and assists iliopsoas in flexing the thigh.
      - Obturator
        
        Supplies
        
        Adductors within the medial compartment of the thigh
        
        injury
        
        Most Likely to be injured by Over extending Leg
      - Sciatic
        
        Terminal Divisions
        
        Tibial
        
        Injury
        
        Unlikely to be injured as is well protected by muscles of the upper leg.
        
        Supples
        
        All of the planter flexors of the foot
        
        Common Fibular
        
        Injuries
        
        Foot Drop
        
        Causes
        
        2 more items...
        
        Observations
        
        1 more item...
        
        Location
        
        Nerve comes off of the sciatic nerve it heads laterally, running around the head fibula (Vulnerable) to the anterolateral compartment.
        
        it then enters into the muscles (well protected)
        
        Supplies
        
        All of the dorsi flexors of the foot
        
        Location
        
        Runs along posterior compartment of the Thigh (well protected).
        
        injury
        
        Compression
        
        occurs most commonly as it comes out of the pelvis and is running under the piriformis muscle.
        
        via
        
        the piriformis spasms
        
        (more uncommonly) the sciatic nerve splits under the piriformis muscle
        
        Affects
        
        Sciatica occurs
        
        In which the subcutaneous branches of the nerve make the skin sensitive and usually affect movement of the thigh.
        
        A painful sensation will also be felt all the way down to the foot, due to its two branches supply the whole of the leg
        
        Supplies
        
        Back of the Thigh
- - - - Left
        
        Ventricle
        
        Opening for the Aorta
        
        Atrioventricular Valve
        
        Bi-Cuspid Valve
        
        Atria
        
        Openings for the Pulmonary veins
        
        Semi-Lunar Valves
        
        Location
        
        Aorta
      - Right
        
        Atria
        
        Five Distinctive Features
        
        Crista Terminalis
        
        Ridge observed on the surface of the heart where musculi pectinati
        
        musculi pectinati #
        
        Cusp of the Tricuspid/Atrioventricular Valve
        
        Openings for the superior and inferior vena Cava
        
        Oppenings for the coronary sinus
        
        Which delivers the deoxygenated blood used by the heart itself
        
        Fossa Ovalis
        
        remnant of the foramen ovale which pumps blood in the foetus
        
        Atrioventricular Valve
        
        Tri-Cuspid Valve
        
        Ventricle
        
        Papillary Muscles
        
        Chordae Tendanae attach muscle to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves
        
        Chordae Tendanae #
        
        Opening for the Pulmonary Trunk
        
        Trabeculae Carneae
        
        Semi-Lunar Valves
        
        Location
        
        Pulmonary Trunk
      - Valves
        
        Atrioventricular
        
        Function
        
        Prevent Backflow of Blood
        
        Done by...
        
        When the Ventricle contracts it prevents backflow into the Atria by closing the Valve. while the papillary muscles hold them in place.
        
        made out of...
        
        Lined with...
        
        Endothelium
        
        A type of epithelial Tissue, that lines all blood vessels to prevent blood passing through the walls
        
        Fibrous connective tissue
        
        Location
        
        Between the...
        
        Atrium
        
        Ventricle
        
        Semi-Lunar Valves
        
        Function
        
        Prevents Back Flow
        
        By the ventricle contracting the blood is sent into the valve, thus causing them to open. Then when goes to drop back down the valves swell up preventing backflow.