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Ancient World Civilizations (Coming to the Americas (Spainish (Ferdinand…
Ancient World Civilizations
Roman Empire and Christianity
Christanity
Jesus of Nazareth - slain Pontus Pilate; 26 CE
Romans/Christants defeat mini Jew uprising - Diaspora; spread the Jews out, away from Jerusalem
Pope - highest Bishop
Council of Nicaea - ironed out original differences in Christian theology
Constantine the Great
Edict of Milan - Christianity tolerated; via spreading the word by Paul
Byzantine Empire
East side of Old Roman emperor - split done by Diocletian; capital from Constantine
Strong central church in Constantinople - Hagia Sophia; magnificent wonder still today
Germanic Invaders
Sack Rome - cause collapse of Holy Roman Empire; 4th to 5th Century
Conversion to Christianity popular
Feudalism/Surfdom Rises
Manors - self sufficient land; relationship bwt. serf and noble, reciprocal
Charlemagne - most popular Germanic King
"Renaissance" of Old Roman times; amasses a lot of land to through persistence and aggression
Hinduism/Islam/Global Influence and Trade
Empires
Sassanians
Expansion of Persian state - all of M.E.
Centralized government
Zoroastrianism
Trade flourished
The Gupta Dynasty
Hinduism reform and rebirth; travels South East
Fa Xian is only real record of what we have of the Gupta
Political Fragmentation bwt. North and South - Islam in North and Hinduism in the South; Buddhism escapes to SE Asia
Hinduism
Vedas - master poems
Upanishads
Speculative philosophical ideas about god
Mahabharata
Longest poem - Bhagavad-Gita; main part
Caste System - strict place for everyone in society
Islam
Founder: Muhammad
has to flee b/c of his religious ideas; Hijra - from Mecca to Medina
return to Mecca with following now - Hajj
a reformer; solved citizens problems with Islam
Jihad - holy conquest in name of Allah; basically to take over any non-Muslim abiding people
5 Pillars of Islam
Caliphate
Umayyad Dynasty
Ali followers who say they are related to Muhammad by blood - Shi'ites; reject Umayyad
People who want stable dynasty and stable living - support Muawiya: Sunni
Muawiya strengths Caliphate, Damascus = capital
Expand rapidly
hard to control people
offer conversions for benefits
Abbasid Dynasty
Claimed related to Muhammad - Shi'ite
opened up faith for anybody
cosmopolitan/multiethnic civilization
Empire got too big - power dwindles
More Islamic Thought
Ulama - religious scholars
Ulama vs Caliphate
"Closing of the Gates" - Ulama said Islam is complete so no more changing; we have the power now
Sufis rise in opposition - cherish their own individual connection with God through dancing/weird things
Shari'a law
Qur'an and Sunna - holy texts from God or Muhammad
positions in govt.
qadis - high judges
vizier - prime minister for Caliphs
1001 Knights - Story
Qur'an is terrible for women
purdah - women stay in designated spot in the house to stay away from prying eyes
Africa
Ghana
Lots of Gold and trade
Muslims were influential on them - law, govt., religion
Gold ran out eventually = RIP
Mali
better/ more organized than Ghana
still relied on Gold/African Gold essential to global gold trade; salt too in African
taxes on traders; trade with Sudanese Kingdom; gold from the Niger River
China/Mongols
Imperial China
Song
reunify
prosperous and developed
gunpowder, printers
globalized China's trade
Conquered by Chinghis Khan
developed magnetic compass and sternpost rutter
Qin
Si Huang Di
20-30 years -- short
very strict/ legalistic; burning of the books
won the Civil war for the "mandate of heaven"
Han
contact/same time as Romans
expanded throughout Asia more
Combined legalism, daoism, and confucianism
200 BCE - 200 CE; successful
Wu Di
Tang
reformed strict laws; benefitted poor
promoted education
ends with China being split again
The Mongols
tribal leaders/tribes
pastoral nomadism
Chinches Khan- had most land for an emperor ever
Pax-Mongolica: after Mongols had conquered so much land and moved on to rule it, free trade within the region was simple and economy was prosperous
Japan
Religion
Shinto
way of the spirits - personal ethics
Government
Yamato
Dynastically rulers ever since 5th Century - now only figurehead but used to be important
Prince Shotoku - 17 point constitution
Shoguns gain power
army = samauri
rewarded with land/shoen
money produced from the land - shiki
Kamakura Shogunate
controlled the shoen and the Samaurai
had extremely fierce military - samaurai
Ashikaga Shogunate
head of the Daimyo - nobles who controlled the shoen
had good contact with China
Europe Middle Ages + Renaissance
Feudalism
Worker/Serfs - 90 percent of population
Warriors/Knights/Nobles - protected and owned the land
Worshippers/Priests
breaks down
mini Ice Age
Black plague - increased cost of labor
100 years war
Other People
Jews - bankers and had advantage b/c could work on Sunday
Bourgeoisie
middle class of society
Problems in the Church
Crusades
Babylonian Captivity/Great Schisim
Popes held hostage in France
multiple Popes appointed
Council of Constance finally appoints one Pope
Renaissance
Italian City-States
began there - scientific, artistic, economic
ideas
Individualism: pride in human potential, stand out from the masses
Secularism - life is an opportunity; "man is the measure"
Revival of Classical values
education boost
Universities
Bolgona
Oxford
spreads into Northern Renaissance
Theory of the State
Legitimacy
Territory
Sovereignty
Machiavelli - The Prince
Art
da Vinci - flying machine, last supper; Michangelo - david; Raphel - school of arts
Bronze doors
Coming to the Americas
Columbian Exchange
brings new goods to the Americas and to Europe
Portuguese
Prince Henry the Navigator - endorses portuguese exploration
De Gama - sails to India
Take Brazil, establish posts and trading networks in the Africas and Indes
Spainish
Ferdinand and Isabella
Columbus
Magellan - circumnavigates
collects tons and tons of gold
Dutch
Dutch East India Company
business people - all trading for profit no religion involved
England
British East India Company
Lost Colony
World's naval power
starts colonizing in USA
Mercantilism
favorable balance of trade; enrich the crown; strict trade policies - go through mother nation only, most profit
Earlier Americas
Maya
most advanced - concept of math, zero; time, calendars, written language
Teotihuacan
rich farmland - in Mexico
Aztecs
Tenochtitlan
Inca - more southern
The Reformation
Catholic Church engaging in corruption - indulgences
Martin Luther thinks this is immoral - says can just learn faith by following the bible
95 theses
justification by faith
uses printing press to spread is ideas quickly
Calvinism
same ideas but different goals as Luther
England/ Henry VIII
Act of Supremacy - head of Anglican Protestant church, is new branch
Counter - Reformation
Jesuits - educate to spread Catholic ideals
Religious Wars - in Germany with lots of allies on both sides
conclusion - Edict of Nantes; splits land evenly bwt. Catholic cities and Protestant places in Germany
Theory of Absolutism
Starts with French Cardinal Richelieu; then practices by Louis XIV
Louis holds all nobles in his palace - Versailles