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TASK 7: (Defense mechanisms = Freud saw that everyday life was also…

- - - - cathartic method - purification of emotions under hypnosis
      - Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) remembered this when he began treating his own hysteric patients and the method proved itself to be very successful
  - - - o Pathogenic ideas = the forgotten memories become disease producing
      - o Conversions = the emotional energy is put into physical energy and results in hysterical symptoms
      - the promising cathartic method worked only with patients who could be deeply hypnotized
  - - - • 1882: Medical training at Vienna’s General Hospital where he mainly concentrated of neurophysiology with a lot of success
        
        • 1885: travelling grant to study in Paris with the celebrated J.M. Charcot (1825- 1893) where the translated some of Charcot’s writings into German
        
        • After his return he lost favor for the Viennese medical establishment and decided to treat patients with hysteria
    - - Pressure technique
        = Freud first treated patients with this technique, in which patients were asked to recall earliest experiences of their symptoms to get their pathogenic ideas while pressing their forehead. Later he realized that the pressure was not necessary, and the encouragement was enough
      - Free association = the practice of free association became his standard method
        
        Over-determination = the process by which symptoms can be caused by different emotions acting togethe
        
        Repression = Freud believed that the pathogenic ideas were not simply forgotten but rather unconsciously repressed by the patient
        
        Intrapsychic conflict = on the one hand patients wanted to cooperate to reduce their symptoms, but on the other hand their unconscious resistance undermined the progress of the therapy
      - Seduction theory
        = 1896, all hysterics must have undergone sexual abuse as children -> conclusion after observing that many suppressed memories dealt with sexual experiences in childhood
        
        • Symptoms were said to function as a defense against psychologically dangerous pathogenic ideas
        
        • His theory was received poorly by many of his colleagues and they stopped referring patients to him and Freud himself started to doubt about his method
      - Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy
        
        The case of Dora
        = the 18-year-old Dora was suffering from mild hysteria and from free association Freud concluded that her problems arose from the relationship to her parents and their close friends. Through the course of the treatment he misinterpreted important aspects of her dreams, especially her ambivalence toward Freud himself which is why in the end she quit the treatment.
        
        Transference = transferring attributes of important people from past lives that are implicated in neurotic symptoms onto the therapist
        
        Psychoanalysis
        = a long and often difficult process of self-examination that offered symptom relief almost as incidental consequence of increased insight into one’s unconscious mental life
    - - Manifest content = consciously experienced content of a dream that is typically marked by disjoint chronology and fails to make real sense
      - Latent content = hidden content that originally inspired the dream and seems to have the greatest personal significance for the dreamer -> can be called up after extensive free association
      - Dream Work = dreams often originate with a series of latent thoughts which the sleeping mind transforms into manifest content my means of 3 processes
        
        Displacement = the highly charged latent content is being displaced onto the related but emotionally more neutral ideas of the manifest content -> it is a defensive function enabling the dreamer to experience less disturbing images than the thoughts that originally inspired it
        
        Condensation = several latent thoughts may be symbolized by a single image or element of the manifest content
        
        Concrete Representation = the manifest content typically represents latent ideas by means of concretely experienced sensations
    - - “logical” or “scientific”
      - Secondary Processes
        = conscious mode of thought
        
        • Dreams and hysterical symptoms were then said to be the instances in which mature secondary thinking is abandoned in favor of earlier primary processes -> regression to earlier and more primitive ways of thinking
        • Primary processes thought was not restricted to maladaptive states, but could also play a positive role in creative and artistic thinking
      - Primary Processes
        = unconscious mode of thought
      -  Freud started to make a connection to his hysterical patients who often distinctly remembered sexual experiences . He claimed that perhaps dreams and symptoms have a similar origin, namely indirect (sexual) wishes rather than actual experiences
      - Self-Analysis and the theory of childhood sexuality
        
        fter his father’s death Freud was severely depressed to months and started to analyze his dreams and symptoms with systematic free association
        
        unconscious hostile wishes towards his consciously loved father as well as unconscious sexual wishes towards his mother
        
        concluded that those feelings were logical precursors to the adult concepts and interpreted his intense reaction to his father’s death as the fulfillment of his conflict-laden childhood wish
        
        Oedipus complex
        = virtually anyone would discover traces of similar wishes, namely the desire to possess the opposite-sexed parent for sexual pleasure and to get rid of the same sex parent as their major rival
        
        Stages of childhood sexuality = in the early 1900s childhood was viewed as a period of innocence and purity and the normal sexual instinct was thought to be absent in children arising only in puberty. But Freud’s new theory contradicted that view and he postulated stages of childhood sexuality
        
        5 more items...
        
        3 Freudian character types
        
        Oral character = particularly interested in “oral” activities such as eating, drinking, smoking or talking
        
        Phallic/Genital character = marked by relatively curiosity, competitiveness or exhibitionism
        
        Anal character = Relatively orderly in arranging their affairs, parsimonious in managing money and obstinate in many interpersonal interactions
- - - - • He appreciated the opportunities psychoanalysis provided for the research on psychopathology, but he also saw some conflicts
      - • Psychoanalysis was called a “new cult” because of its exclusion of alternative conceptions within the newly formed psychoanalytic institutes
      - • 1912: Asserts that psychoanalysis could be understood in terms of habit
      - • Because the unconscious did not work with the habit theory Watson rejected it and called for an objective study of those behaviors
      - • Watson conducted research on Jung’s association method (= presenting emotionally loaded or neutral words and looking at patients’ reactions)
    - - • Watson changed his focus from learning theory to Pavlov’s conditioned response by adapting his methods to study emotions in infants
        • For him the weakness of psychoanalysis was that Freud did not help the laboratory psychologist to gain experimental control over emotional relations whereas classical conditioning did
    - - • Little Albert : in contrary to Freud, Watson did not want to use retrospective methods to trace back emotions in infancy and opted for direct behavioral observations
        • Article about the experiment was tinged with Anti-Freudian hostility