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Romantic Programme Context (Nationalism (Russia (Features (Orientalism -…
Romantic Programme
Context
Romanticism
Programme music
As opposed to abstract music
Music that follows a narrative/extramusical idea
Inspired by art, literature, nature etc
Romantic Orchestra
Bigger - Around 90 players
4 horns, 2 trumpets, trombones (+tuba later)
Double woodwind
Timpani +assorted percussion
More strings for balance
Rejection of Enlightenment
New interest in human psychology, expression of personal feeling + interest in the natural world
Emphasis on imagination + emotion
Nationalism
Some composers felt there was excessive German influence on music
Created national styles to reflect their own country
Bohemia/Czech Republic
Smetana - Vltava
First major Bohemian nationalist composer
Nationalist opera + symphonic poems
Display important historical events, legends + scenes
Follows River Vltava in Prague
Eg. Polka style melody in Rustic Village Wedding
Moonlight and Dance of the Water Sprites folktale
Norway
Grieg - Lyric Pieces
Studied Norwegian folk music
Uses harmonic + melodic features of folk music in compositions
Created musical pictures of landscapes in Norway
Russia
"The Five"
Balakirev, Cui, Mussorgsky, Borodin, Rimsky-Korsakov
Aimed to create distinctive Russian style of music
Features
Orientalism - Whole tone scales, drone, slow harmonic progression
Modality - Modes, Pentatonic scale, Whole tone scale
Using themes from Russian folk songs
Russian submediant chord - Tonic augmented 1st inversion minor
Colourful harmony to create pictures
Pieces
Mussorgsky- Night on Bare Mountain
Rimsky-Korsakov - Scheherazade
Significant events
Post French Revolution
Decline of aristocracy
Self-employed composers
Industrial Revolution
Wealthy middle class
More concert halls built
Larger audiences
Less intimate performance
Advances in piano technology
Could be played at home
Iron frame to increase volume for concert hall performance
Demand for simple repertoire
Invention of valve system
Brass could play the full range of notes
Invention of key mechanism
Increase volume + improve tone of woodwind
Peak of British Empire
Influences or Orientalism and the "exotic"
Significant people
Shakespeare
Revival of his work
Inspired many compositions
Enjoyed the sense of drama
Beethoven
Arguably first composer of Romantic Programme music
Pastoral Symphony inspired many others