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RELIGIOUS TERRORISM (Hoffman 2006 (religious
terrorism as distinctive)…
RELIGIOUS TERRORISM
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RADICALIZATION
what is it?
UK HOME OFFICE 2009: "process by which people come to support violent extremism and, in some cases, join terrorist groups"
process by which an individual accepts ideas and methods of extremism, assumption that it will lead to violence
SHMID 2003 - 3 levels of analysis:
- micro: isolation feeds radicalization
- meso: community, environment with comeradship
macro: government role in society, radicalization of political parties, integration of migrants
KUNDANAMI 2015: radicalization is perceived as a theological and psychological process.
narrative that tunes down political factors
NYPD account of radicalization 2007: 4 phases
- pre-radicalization: moral outrage at somehting
- self-identification: identification with event of outrage
- indoctrination: personal experience
- jihadization: find people who share outrage
over generalization of factors that could raise suspicion:
- trauma
- alienation
- joining a group of similar minded people
- giving up popular culture
- growing bears, wearing traditional clothiing
incubators (venues where radicalization occurs):
- mosque
- cafe
- prison
- shisha bar
- student association
- book stores
assumption that knowledge of factors leading to radicalization will help reduce terrorism = assumption that radicalization leads to violence. BUT indicators don't explain why there has been an increase of radicalization in the West
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Counter radicalization
UK CONTEST startegy:
Prevent: people from supporting terrorism and becoming terrorists
- community focused on hearts and minds approach
- initially £6 M allocated to local authorities w/ 5% Muslim pop
- 2008: 3years programme allocating £45 M for local authorities w/ 4000 or more Muslims
UK channel programme (agency within Prevent):
- protect vulnerable people from being draw to terrorism
- identify individuals at risk
- safeguarding people from being made to commit terrorism
- measure vulnerability from engagement w/group
Positive Street Project:
- focus on community cohesion
- increase resilience of young Muslims from radicalization
-> run by Swansea ethnic school team
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