Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Sociolinguistics (Attitudes towards accent (Can judge (Intelligence…

- - - - Doubts hiring w/c Essex accent
    - - Pilots w/ London accent = less reassuring
  - - - Valued argument w/ RP accent > Brummie
  - - - Non-standard Brummie accent perceived as more guilty
  - - - Non-native or standard American accent
        
        Ethnocentric ptps gave lower rankings to non-native
      - Rated on attractiveness, credibility and how like themselves he was
- - - - Diff ways of defining the concept of 'age'
        
        1) Chronological age
        
        No years since birth
        
        2) Biological age
        
        Physical maturity
        
        3) Social age
        
        Life events e.g. marriage, children
        
        Perhaps the most influential
        
        Only become relevant after a few years
        
        Bigham
        
        Emerging adulthood
        
        1 more item...
    - - 17y/os Playground talk
        
        Lexical field of childhood games
        
        E.g. kissy-catch, kerby, tig
        
        Commented on difficulty of recalling specific words to this time
  - - - Irregular turn-taking
        Indistinct articulation
        Teasing & name calling
        Slang
        Verbal duelling
  - - - Linguistic change is far more common in teenagers
        
        E.g. coinage of new lexical items
      - Slang
        
        Used to establish a connection to youth culture
        
        Set themselves apart from older generation
        
        Signal coolness, toughness or attitude
    - - Use of 'like' and 'okay'
      - Rising intonation
      - Multiple negation
  - - - Teens uses -ives more frequently than adults in spoken lang
      - Roughly 1/3 of -ives occurred in orders, suggestions & refusals
      - Argues teens tend to be more direct when they speak
        
        Whereas adults = more conscious of what and how they speak
        
        For fear of coming across as too direct & threatening a speaker's face
      - Typical -ive words & phrases were mostly informal
        
        'no way', 'nope', 'nah', 'dunno', 'I couldn't give a toss'
      - Multiple negation
      - Non-standard use of 'never'
  - - - Findings of diff groups of teens concluded soc class as another important factor
        
        W/c = 'innit'
        M/c = 'yeah'
      - Gender
        
        'Okay' used more by boys
        
        Both genders used 'innit', 'right', 'yeah'
  - - - 14-16 y/os in London
      - Common features
        
        Ellipsis of auxiliary verbs
        
        Use of 'ain't
        
        Multiple negation
        
        Non-standard pronouns
        
        E.g. theirselves
  - - - Children prolly waited to hear enough evidence that 'like' can be used in a certain syntactic position
        
        Before using it themselves
        
        Children copy lang of those older than self
      - Girls moved up stages of use of 'like' as a discourse marker quicker
- - - - East End London
      - 19th century
    - - 'street sellers, beggars, and petty criminals"
  - - - Argues nation's current obsession w/ celeb culture
        
        Responsible for more additions
        
        E.g. "Brad Pitt" - fit [adjective]
        "Calvin Klein" - wine [noun]
      - Recent additions suggest a degree of playfulness creeping into CRS
        
        W/ perhaps greater focus on humorous rhymes
        
        Than previously
  - - - Have become idiomatic phrases
      - Spread of this can be attributed to modern media
        
        'The Italian Job' and various other tv series
        
        Links to identity
        
        Using lang to feel part of a particular soc group
- - - - W/ the loss of regional features and reduced diversity of lang
    - - Argues that increased geo mobility leads to
        
        The 'large scale disruption of close-knit, localised networks that have historically maintained highly systematic and complex sets of socially structured linguistic norms'
    - - Reduction of rural employment
        
        Subsequent construction of suburbs and new towns
        
        People living in cities
        
        1831 - 34%
        1931 - 80%
        1991 - 90%
        
        In 1990s 1.2% working in agriculture
        
        Social mobility increase
        
        Leading to 'the consequent breakdown of tight-knit communities'
        
        Increased interaction w/ ppl of other speech varieties is a possible cause of dialect-levelling
  - - - Some are surviving
    - - Variants from SE are spreading across the country
    - - Replacement of 'th' --> 'f' or 'v'
        
        This phonological variant has spread from its origin in London
      - Order of spread:
        
        London area --> South East --> Central England --> Northern England --> North East of England and lowlands of Scotland
    - - Only 9-12% of Britain speaks SE
        
        They're not the 'English Lang'
- - - - Germanic
      - Applying Crumbling Castle theory
        
        This is the more correct way to speak
- - - - Due to failure to acquire the lang of formal education
    - - School favour m/c elaborate code
        
        Restricts w/c cognitive capacity
        
        Reflected buy scholastic achievement
- - - - Invasion
        
        French introduced many of the words with suffix -tion
      - Immigration
        
        Mostly into London
    - - Places have diff dialects
        
        E.g. Newcastle and Sunderland just 10 miles apart
    - - Where you live
      - Where brought up
      - Could argue that being so specific can be linked to
        
        Identity
        
        Sense of belonging
        
        Pride
- - - - Asked why they spoke in a certain way i.e. code-switching
        
        "It's the way we're born"
        
        "Everyone speaks like this"
        
        Pushed further
        
        "We mix Punjabi and English"
        
        "Other people don;t understand what you're saying"
      - Distinguished themselves from 'freshies'
        
        Said they didn't feel connected to them
        
        Especially to their accent
        
        Own lang
        
        'BD8' and 'street'
        
        Freshies lang
        
        'BD22' 'different and posh'
    - - Slang words
        
        "has a lot to do w/ the music industry like rap, hip-hop and Urban music"
        
        Idea of identity among his peers
        
        Key words and phrases that unified group
        
        "Sick"
        "Heavy munch"
        "Blown"
      - Swear words
        
        "secret language"
    - - Never mixed English w/ 2nd lang
        
        Felt bc at school she is minority
        
        If there were more Indian ppl in her social group, feels she would be more likely to use it
    - - Confirmed use of code-switching w/ Punjabi in e/day talk
    - - Most common Punjabi words they use
        
        Mainly taboo words / phrases
        
        E.g. Punjabi equivalent for 'whore', 'bastard', 'bitch' etc
        
        Used by students bc "find them funny [and] they sound better]'