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BRAIN STRUCTURE (CHANGES IN NEURONAL MORPHOLOGY (neurogenesis (dentate…

- - - - metaphase plate is parallel with the NUMB protein
      - one of the daughter cells retain the property of a stem cell - has the numb
      - the other cell has no numb - cannot differentiate anymore
      - RADIAL GROWTH
        
        asymmetric; neurogenic division
        
        asymmetric differentiative divisions
    - - each daughter cell retain the NUMB protein - able to differentiate
      - proliferative divisions
      - metaphase plate is perpendicular to the NUMB protein
    - - early gestation - self renewal - Neuronal stem cell
      - mid-gestation - neurogenic phase - neurons
      - mid-gestation - gliogenic phase - astrocyte
      - late gestation - oligodendricyte
        myelinate axon
  - - - key cytoskeletal polymers
        
        microtubles
        
        actin filament
        
        organizing and guiding the growth cone
        drive the motility of the growth cone
      - 3 domains
        
        P domain - peripheral domain
        where all the microtubules flair out
        
        T zone - transition zone
        
        C domain - central domain
      - important things
        
        F-actin Arc
        
        filopodium
        
        growth cone steer by regulating F-actin and microtubules
        
        polimerization of cell allow the growth cone to turn to desired place
        towards attractive cues or away from repellent cues
    - - static
        
        fixed to ECM or cell surface
      - soluble
        
        secreted by neuron and non-neuronal
      - crossing the midline
        
        chomoattraction - netrin
        
        dorsal horn neurons are attracted to netrin secreted from the ventral mid-line ("DCC" is the receptor for netrin one the growth cone)
        
        chemoreplusion - slit
        
        once at the midline, growth cones upregulate slit receptrors (robo) to repulse away from the midline
        
        loss of netrin responsiveness despite maintained DCC expression
- - - - PART OF BRAINSTEM
  - - - PONS (PART OF BRAINSTEM)
      - CEREBELLUM
    - - MEDULLA OBLONGATA (PART OF BRAINSTEM)
- - - - pathogenesis mechanism
      - key gene
      - signaling pathway
  - - - pro
        
        low cost
        
        efficient differentiation
        
        established and characterized
      - cons
        
        embryo destruction
        
        difficult obtention
        
        mutation rate
        
        imcomplete histories
        
        animal pathogen exposure
        
        immunosuppressants
        
        carcinogenic risk
    - - pro
        
        no ethical issue
        
        easy to obtain: any cells are fine
        
        blood group compatibility
        
        disease remodeling possible
      - cons
        
        additional cost
        
        retroviral gene delivery
        
        oncogene activation risk
        
        unknown mechanism
      - use of induced pluripotent stem cells to model autism disorder
    - - mesoderm
      - endoderm
      - ectoderm