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COUNTER TERRORISM (4 main approaches (conciliation and dialogue (can we…
COUNTER TERRORISM
4 main approaches
use of force
military approach, destroy, deter terrorism
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Intelligence & policing
intelligence gathering and cooperation, law enforcement, psychological operations = torture
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homeland security
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anti-terrorist measures, security, legislation, new agencies, profiling and surveillance
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Is CT effective?
challenges in evaluating counter terrorism:
- counter terrorism is rooted in context (uncertain why terrorist campaigns end)
- lack of counter factuals
- varied aims of counter terrorism
- lack of empirical research on CT
- terrorists change their methods against anti-terrorism
no evidence that force based CT reduces terrorism:
- can fuel revenge/radicalization
- deals with symptoms and not causes
- damages human rights
- damaging for the government (loss of trust)
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4 phases:
- 1960s/80s: force based approach, military power, hard policing
- 1990s: softening, law enforcement strategies, conciliation ex: Good Friday Agreement
- post 9/11: militarization, exceptionalism framework
- 2010 onwards: hearts and minds programs (dialogue) community based approaches
coercive counter terrorism: state violence, criminal justice mode, delegitimize terrorism (pre 9/11)
proactive counter terrorism: prevent, policing, boarder control, counter radicalization
persuasive counter terrorism: communication model to reduce support, increase social cohesion
defensive counter terrorism: preventive model, mitigate the impact of terrorism, protect infrastructure, limit flow of people
long-term counter terrorism: education framework, combat root causes, reduce frustration, development model
CTS principles:
- proportional counter terrorism
- effectiveness and legitimacy of strategy
- state terrorism is more lethal
- security cannot trade off liberty