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From sounds and experiments to models (Models a theory of how the mind…
From sounds and experiments to models
Psycholinguistic experiments
Experiment types
Lexical decision tasks
spoken or written
word played/displayed
yes/no button
'is this your language?'
accuracy and speed measured
Words recognised faster than non-words
impossible nonwords excluded faster than possible non-words
accuracy vs. speed - inverse correlation
Priming
a word seen or heard second time recognised faster
semantic/conceptual priming
a related word seen or heard recognised faster
(nurse primes doctor, etc.)
syntactical / morphological
endings of words
sentence structures
Cross-modal priming
read first, heard second
less effective than single modality
cross-linguistic priming
1st language, 2nd language
less than single language
Gating
gradually increase duration of a word
determine when word is recognised
hear 1st fragment
make guess/state confidence
hear 2nd fragment
we don't need to hear whole words
reverse gating shows start more important than end
neighbourhood effects - similar words near, more info needed
Shadowing
listen and repeat as fast as possible
25% of women close shadowers
250-300ms
75% women + all men distant shadowers
500ms
time taken to produce syllable = 150ms
subjects typically correct errors
shows don't just repeat but process
used with dichotic listening - repeat only one stream
understanding barrier to copying
Click detection
played speech with click inserted
clicks mask speech sounds
asked where heard click
typically report clicks in different places
believe heard sounds were masked (vice versa)
phonemic restoration
sometimes coughs
general findings
word frequency effects
more frequent words recognised faster
word supremacy effect
actual words faster than non-words
context effect
words recognised in context (primed)
distortion effects
location of distortion matters
beginning more damaging
in written, ends and beginnings important
clause boundaries have special status
phrase boundaries less so
we process speech very quickly
including corrections, and at same time as speech
Models
a theory of how the mind does certain things
sometimes designed to be used in computers to test
top down or bottom up
logical assumption
speech understanding bottom up (sounds processed)
Broca
speech production top down
Wernicke
(Wernicke seems to be activated first)
Modular
language as a module
separate modules within language module
non-modular
fully connectionist
McClelland & Rumelhart
serial modular
module works
send output to next module
module stops working
interactive modular
module can work with previous module
Need models that account for:
word frequency effects
(im)possible word effect
#
priming effect
semantic priming effect
beginnings of words more important
#
more than one word at a time is considered
blends
shadowing
slips of the ear (hear something incorrectly)
Phonology
Speech sounds = phones
depends on: position in a word, accent, etc.
some variation leads to different meaning
representation of speech sounds (in minds) = phonemes
abstract mental representations
Phonemes
the phoneme /t/ can be
top
stop
butter
in English substitution doesn't alter meaning
babies
at 1 mo can distinguish phonemes
prefer own name, mothers voice, etc.
at 4mo can distinguish phonemes from other languages
parents can't
6-8 mo no longer distinguish vowels from other languages
8-12 mo no longer distinguish consonants from other lanugages
problems recognising words
speed
english 20-30 phonemes per second
non-speech sounds at 1.5 per second
160-200 wpm (more inf rench)
speaker variation
variations in pronounciation (regional, formality, emotion, mode e.g. conversation or reading
no two utterances are identical
segmentation problem
continuous stream of sounds
no predictable pauses between words
catgorical perception
categorical perception
perception of different thigns as the same category
different pronounciations of /k/ as all being k
why lack of invariance not a problem
not limited to speech
not limited to humans
impoverished signal
vowels perceived better than Cs
stronger/louder
stop consonants in vowels
highly redundant speech
beeb can be diff from bab
vowels duration & coarticulation important
lip shapes for koo kee kah
acoustic cues
place of articulation
Word Recognition
word frequency effects
(im)possible word effect
#
priming effect
semantic priming effect
other effects
beginnings of words more important
#
more than one word at a time is considered - blends
slips of the ear (hear something incorrectly)
Need models that account for these
experiment
listen for errors
errors noticed
more at beginnings
in predictable sequences more than unpredictable
more in certain types of sound switches
McGurk effect
visual input helps decide sound