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Issues & Debates (Gender Bias (AO3: (the way that males and females…
Issues & Debates
Gender Bias
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Alpha bias:exaggerates the difference between men and women leading to one gender being devalued in comparison to the other
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Beta bias: the belief that t=everything that applies to men in research also applies to women, representation on men and women are based on stereotypes rather than real differences
the fight or flight response research was conducted under male animals rather than female, Taylor then found the tend and befriend explanations for women
ignores the possibility of a difference meant that female behaviour went undiscovered and therefore the response is not fully understood
the solution to gender bias is universality, recognizing the differences but neither gender has superiority over the other
AO3:
Feminist psychology and perspective of gender bias, feminist psychology suggests that differences arise from biological explanations of behaviour and biological sex-based differences. Feminist psychology aims to increase the idea of gender differences in psychological research.
the way that males and females are tested could differ and are biased making the genders appear to be different
Rosenthal 1966, found researchers made men's experiments more friendly and encouraging than female experiments leading to a mythological difference between genders.
Reverse alpha bias: there's a difference between men and women but the value of women are emphasized
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Nature/Nurture debate
Natural influence:
Genetic explanations:
family, twin and adoption studies that show concordance rates for the likelihood of genetically inheriting behaviours
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AO3:
both nature and nurture contribute and cannot be seperated and Hebb suggests one isn't better than the other
Diathesis-stress: is the combination of nature and nurture used to explain phobias and disorders such as schizophrenia.
nature can affect nurture, a child's upbringing and environment can affect their actions and responses
similarly, nurture affects nature ie neural plasticity could teaches life experiences shape your nature and biology
Ethical implications
socially sensitve research: research that has direct social consequences for the participants in the research r the group they represent
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AO3
Socially sensitive research is useful to psychology and should be conducted. SIEBER AND STANLEY state it should be studied as it givs greater understanding and to ignore it would be an irresponsible approach to science
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some groups are marginalized and and excluded from research and can be misinterpreted which could lead to not a good understanding of specific social groups
Holism and Reductionism
reductionism: breaks complex ideas into more simply components because it's believed ideas are best understood in simpler terms
Biological reductionism: since all animals are made from atoms, this idea can be translated to humans. reduced to a physical level
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Experiemental reductionism: Reducing the complex behaviours to isolated variables is a useful strategy for conducting research. behaviours are reduced to operationalised variables that can be manipulated
Holism: perceiving an entire experience rather than individual features and the relations between them
Humanistic and c
cognitive psychology is a holistic approach. Memory is a complex system with connectionist networks and one unit is linked to many others making it a complex whole that is studied all together. The network as a whole acts differently to individual processes of cognitive functions making it a holistic approach
Humanistic psychology is also a holistic approach as it believes the individual reacts as an organised whole rather than a set of stimuli responses as the behaviourist approach suggests.
AO3:
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Biological reductionism has helped with the creation of drug therapies. leading to a reduction of institutionalisation since the 50s.
behavioural approach was developed in response to non-human animals. Could be okay to talk about animals in a reductionist way but not humans. Humans are more complex
experimental reductionism and experimental research has produced an array of findings about behaviour
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Cultural bias: Tendency to judge all people in terms of your own cultural assumptions distorting or biasing your judgement
Cultural recidivism: view that behaviour cannot be judged properly unless its viewed in the context of the culture of which it originates
Ethnocentrism: seeing things form the point of view of ourselves and our social group. Evaluating other groups of people using the standards of ones own culture
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