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Causes of Major Depression and Bipolar Disorders (Psychological Causes…
Causes of Major Depression and Bipolar Disorders
Social and Cultural Causes
Marital dissatisfaction
Stereotypical gender roles
Women's value of intimate relationships
Women's tendency to blame themselves when something goes wrong.
Women's place in society
Living alone
Lack of social support
Psychological Causes
Stressful or traumatic life event
Severe life stress
Major life stress
Placing oneself in a high risk stressful enviornment
Positive stressful life events
Learned helplessness
Negative cognitive skills
Vulnerability
Arbitrary Inference
Overgeneralization
Negative Schema
Pessimistic explanatory style
Biological Causes
Familial and Genetic Influences
Heritable-learned from twin studies.
Sex-higher rate of depressive disorders in women
Genetic vulnerability
Environmental factors
Neurotransmitter Systems
Low levels of serotonin in relation to norepinephrine and dopamine
Low dopamine levels
Endocrine System
Overactivity in the HPA axis which produces stress hormones
Excessive secretion of stress hormones (Cortisol)
Neurohormones
Low hippocampus volumes
Sleep and Circadian Rythms
Lack of sleep
Insomnia
Too much disturbance in the circadian rhythm
Brain Structure
Greater prefrontal cortex activity