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ANTIOXIDANTS (Defined as (Function (Donate electrons to the free radicals…

- - - - FREE RADICALS
        
        Defined as
        
        Unstable atoms with an unpaired electron in their valence shell
        
        Formed by either
        
        Environmental factors
        
        Radiation
        
        Excessive sunlight
        
        Pollution
        
        Toxins
        
        Tobacco smoke
        
        Metabolic processes
        
        Oxygen accepts an extra electron
        
        Bonds split and leave some molecules with unpaired electrons
        
        Target and damage
        
        Nucleic acid/Nuclear DNA
        
        Cell proteins
        
        Fatty cell membranes (lipids)
        
        Blood LDL proteins
        
        Examples include
        
        Nitric oxide
        
        Superoxide radical
- - - - Types of minerals
        
        TRACE MINERALS
        
        Examples
        
        Cu
        
        Se
        
        FUNCTIONS
        
        cofactor for glutathione peroxidase
        
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        reduce the number of free radicals for VE to neutralize
        
        thyroid hormones
        
        DEFICIENCY EFFECTS
        
        keshan’s disease
        
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        TOXICITY CAUSE
        
        too high of dosage in supplements
        
        food source
        
        meats
        
        fish
        
        eggs
        
        milk
        
        grains and seeds
        
        STABILITY
        
        stable
        
        Reduces production of
        
        Mn
        
        Fe
        
        < 100 mg/day required
        
        MACROMINERALS
      - Act by
        
        Inhibit oxidant formation
        
        Intercepting formed oxidants
        
        Activating enzymes to destroy free radicals
        
        Repairing damage caused by oxidants
  - - - Types of vitamins
        
        FAT SOLUBLE
        
        VIT A
        
        MAIN CATEGORIES
        
        CAROTENOIDS- Pro-formed Vit A
        
        Includes
        
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        Plant food sources
        
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        1
        
        RETINOIDS- Pre-formed Vit A
        
        3 Main forms + associated functions
        
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        Animal food sources
        
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        1 μg retinol = 12 μg dietary beta carotene
        
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        TOXICITY
        
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        VIT E
        
        FUNCTIONS
        
        membrane integrity
        
        protects DNA and other cell components from oxidizing damage
        
        maintains red blood cell membrane integrity
        
        immune function
        
        reduces platelet aggregation
        
        reproduction
        
        DEFICIENCY RISK
        
        pre-term infants
        
        Hemolytic Anemia
        
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        TOXICITY CAUSES
        
        food intake
        
        supplement use
        
        FOOD SOURCES
        
        plant oils
        
        nuts/seeds
        
        whole grains
        
        peanut butter
        
        STABILITY
        
        unstable, readily destroyed by
        
        light
        
        heat
        
        oxygen
        
        strategies would minimize nutrient loss
        
        store vitamin E-rich oiland food in cool, dark cupboards
        
        Vit E accepts a H from Vit C
        
        Reactivation
        
        WATER SOLUBLE
        
        VIT C
        
        NON ANTIOXIDANT ROLES
        
        Enhances iron absorption
        
        Collagen biosynthesis
        
        DEFICIENCY
        
        Scurvy
        
        Bleeding gums
        
        widespread tissue breakdown
        
        Wounds struggle to heal
        
        VULNERABLE POPULATIONS
        
        alcoholics
        
        smokers
        
        special RDA
        
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        burn patients
        
        FOOD SOURCES
        
        primarily vegetables and fruits
        
        Categorically differs from other antioxidants
        
        Vit C only derived from plant sources
        
        Water soluble
        
        STABILITY
        
        unstable
        
        easily lost in processing and cooking
        
        lost with excessive heat, prolonged exposure of cut surface to air
        
        exposure to baking soda
        
        Strategies to minimize loss
        
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        Vit C restores Vit E to active antioxidant form
        
        Vit C becomes
        
        Dehydroascorbic acid
        
        TOXICITY
        
        Too much Vit C may lead to
        
        Release of iron from storage
        
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        Rebound scurvy
        
        Kidney stones
        
        PRIMARY ACTION
        
        Reducing agent (electron donor)
        
        Quenches free radicals
        
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      - Act by
        
        Donating their electrons to the unpaired electron in the valence shell of free radicals
        
        Neutralize free radicals