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10.Plantations; ((Plantation; the idea and practice of moving disloyal…
10.Plantations;
- Plantation; the idea and practice of moving disloyal people from an area and replacing them with loyal subjects.
- 16th C; Gaelic clans ruled Ireland; O'Moores, O'Donnells, Butlers, Fitzgeralds.
- The Pale
- English first came in 1167.
- From Dundalk (Louth) to Bray (Wicklow).
- Spoke English.
- Tillage farming (crops) not animals.
- English law.
- Loyal to King of England.
- Old English families
- Fitzgeralds of Kildare.
- Butlers of Osmond.
- Lord Deputy; King's representative.
- Usually the head of Fitzgeralds of Kildare but they rebelled against Henry VIII.
- Defeated by the English Army led by Sir Thomas Skeffington.
- Last deputy head 'Silken Thomas' was executed 3rd Feb 1537.
- The Cromwellian Plantation
- Civil war in 1640s.
- Cavaliers (King Charles I) vs Roundheads (Parliament).
- Oliver Cromwell led the New Model Army, fighting for the Roundheads.
- Won; Became Lord High Protector of England.
- 1641; Catholic rebellion in Ireland; 4,000 dead Protestants.
- However, English reports of 100,000+ dead Protestants.
- Old English families and Gaelic rebels joined together to form the
Confederation of Kilkenny.
- August 1649; Cromwell and the New Model Army landed in Dublin; defeated the rebels.
- Took over Drogheda; captured and executed people.
- Repeated in Wexford.
- Cromwell left in May 1940.
- Army defeated the rebellion in 1653.
- Features
- Removed land ownership from Catholics.
- Act of Settlement 1652; confiscated rebel land.
- Told to move west or die; To hell or to Connaught.
- Land was awarded to members of the New Model Army.
- Land awarded to adventurers who had loaned money during the war.
- Catholic priests were executed or enslaved.
- 30,000+ Irish soldiers sent away so there was no danger of a rebellion.
- From the 1660s onwards, Catholics owned less than 10% of Irish land
-> Protestant Ascendancy (the ruling class).
- Laois-Offaly Plantation
- Queen Mary.
- Laois-Offaly bordered the Pale.
- O'Moores of Laois.
- O'Connors of Offaly.
- Raided the Pale and charged the Black Rent.
- Chief of O'Connor surrendered land in 1540; Baron of Offaly.
- English Army drove them off.
- They built fortresses called Maryborough
and Philpstown.
- 1557; Plantation began.
- Offaly; King's county.
- Rules of L and O
- Tillage farming.
- Employ English subjects.
- Be prepared to defend.
- Don't rent land to Gaelic.
- Maintain the new roads.
- Why it failed
- The plantation was to save money; they didn't want to pay the costs of keeping an army for protection so they were attacked.
- English didn't want to live in Ireland.
- Forced to employ the Irish; theyr'e wasn't enough English.
- Munster Plantation
- Queen Mary died in 1558.
- Sister Elizabeth took over.
- Wanted to spread Protestancy in Ireland.
- Fitzgerals of Desmond ruled Munster.
- Rebelled against Elizabeth;
- Loyal Catholics.
- Had ruled Munster for centuries.
- Hated adventurers;
-English men who claimed to be descended from the original Normans;
Sir Richard Boyle, Sir Walter Raleigh.
-Encouraged by Elizabeth to take over lands.
- Rebellion in 1579; lasted 4 years.
- Features
- Land was divided into 35 estates.
- Estates were 5,000-10,000 acres.
- Land was given to loyal subjects; undertakers.
- New towns built; Mallow, Killarney, Bandon.
- Results
- Forced to employ Irish again; But,
- English farming became used.
- Plantation towns grew.
- More protestants in Munster.
- Nine Years War
- 1594; rebellion against the English.
- Turned into a war led by Earl of Tyrone; Hugh O'Neill.
- Allies; O'Donnells of Tyreconnell, Maguires of Fermanagh, The Spanish King Philip II.
- The Battle of Kinsale'
- Dec 1601; Spanish arrived in Kinsale, Cork.
- English Army led by Lord Mountjoy arrived in Kinsale.
- Christmas Eve 1601; defeated the Spanish.
- Then they defeated the Irish who had marched down from Ulster.
- Final defeat of Gaelic clan families.
- 1603; O'Neill forced to surrender.
- Ended under the Treaty of Mellifont.
- 1607/09; Flight of the Earls.
- Ulster Plantation
- Queen Elizabeth died in 1603.
- King James I took over.
- After the Flight of the Earls, James
declared them traitors.
- 1609; started plantation.
- Features
- Estates of no more than 2,000 acres.
- Land was awarded to servitors (men from the army).
- The Gaelics who lost their land became scavengers; tories.
- Derry became Londonderry for the London Trade Guilds.
- Land awarded to Presbyterians; tough who hated papists (Catholics).
- Built defensive enclosures; bawns.
- Built towns; Omagh, Enniskillen, Virginia, Belfast.
- Before; pastoral farming - kept cattle and sheep.
- After; arable farming - grew crops.
- Ulster soil; good for growing flax; used to make linen.
- Although the Irish still had to be employed, they no longer had any control.
- Start of Planations
- Wars were expensive; Henry VIII; Surrender and Regrant.
- Irish would surrender their land and sear an oath of allegiance in return for a fancy title; earl, baron, lord and then he would regrant the land.
- Murrough O'Brien -> Earl of Thormond.
- Led to the weakening of Gaelic clan power.
-
- A settler received land in the Ulster Plantation
- Came to Ireland in 1618.
- King James I was fed up with rebellions.
- Decided to plant people after the 9 years war.
- Reliable Protestants like me.
- Different types of settlers; servitors, loyal native Irish, London Craft Guilds.
- Undertakers were given 2,000 acre estates.
- Estates were small so they were easy to manage unlike in Munster.
- Born in the Scottish Highlands. I've been Presbyterian since John Knox brought it to Scotland.
- Was given land in Co.Tyrone.
- Stone houses, located near other settlers.
- We built bawns and fortified towns; Omagh, Virgina, Enniskillen.
- Only English or Scottish tenants.
- Many Irish worked on the land.
- 40,000+ Scots in Ulster by 1640.
- Us Presbyterians are tough.
- We divided our land into fields for wheat, oats, potatoes.
- We used the soil to produce flax which could be used to make linen.
- We then exported it to Edinbugh in London.