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Baroque Choral Lutheran Germany (Bach "St Matthew Passion" 1727…
Baroque Choral
Lutheran Germany
Schutz "St Matthew Passion" 1666
Schutz
Mid Baroque
1585-1672
Court composer in Dresden
Arguably greatest German composer before Bach
Performance
Performed Sunday before Easter (Holy Week)
Unaccompanied - No instrumental music during Lent
In German (Vernacular)
1666
Music
Harmony
Combines traditional + new elements
Passions traditionally used Lydian mode
This one uses Dorian mode transposed to G
Cadences in several key areas within movements
Characters
Soloists:
Jesus
Evangelist/Matthew
2 false witnesses
Solos mostly in plainchant style
Chorus Eg. Disciples, Jewish crowd
No. 1 chorus "Introitus"
Expressive use of dissonance
Text - Repeats words at points of tension to create emphasis
More modern technique
"Die Junger Jesu"
Chorus = disciples
Controlled regular points of imitation
Music sounds organised
"Barrabam"
(Angry rabble)
Highly imitative with overlapping entries
Bach "St Matthew Passion" 1727
Bach
Working in St Thomas's Church in Leipzig
Role of Kappelmeister (Church director of music)
Composed for:
Double SATB choir + children's choir
2 groups of SATB soloists
2 orchestras
Polychoral - Spatially separated
Likely in the 2 organ lofts of the church
Tenor = Evangelist
Bass = Jesus
Multimovement
Arias, Recitaives, Choruses, Chorales
2 parts with sermon in between
Features
1st chorus
1st movement in 12-8
Unusual for Baroque
Like the dance suite siciliana
E minor
Starts with tonic pedal
Polyphonic vocal entrance
Emphasising pain with melisma "weep"
Homophonic + Antiphonal
Voice of the people interrupting the dialogue
Question chord on 1st beat of bar
Jesus' recitative usually accompanied by (halo) strings
Most other recitatives with Continuo accompaniment
Usually organ + cello
No. 71 Jesus' final words not accompanied by strings
(on the cross)
Bach "Wachet Auf" 1731
Cantata
Literally "Sung piece of music"
Often uses religious text
Makes reference to the Bible passages discussed in the sermon
Multimovement work
Includes arias, choruses + recitatives
Performed in a service
Associated with German composers
Can be smaller than oratorio
In Ritornello form
A type of structure used in the aroque period where there is a returning theme interspersed with contrasting episodes
Chorale Cantata
Uses the music of an existing chorale as the basis for some of the movements
"Wachet Auf" by Phillip Nicolai 1599
About
7 movements
STB soloists + SATBchoir + orchestra