DT Revision Mind Map
Sustainability and environmental issues
Products which are not designed to last
These go through a life cycle analysis
Products which are designed be used once
Non rechargeable batteries
Straws
Disposable razors
Products can be designed to go out of fashion quickly
Phones
Clothes
Shoes
Built in obsolescence because materials and energy are needed to replace products
Products can be desighned to last by making it more durable and it can be maintained and repaired
Sustainability
Sustainability means not causing permanent damage
How to make something more sustainable
What materials are used
Do they come from a renewable source
Are they recyclable or Biodegradable
The 6 r's
Recycle
Could recycled materials be used, or is the product made from materials that are easy to recycle?
Rethink
Is there a better way to solve this problem that is less damaging to the environment?
Reuse
Could the product have another use? Could its parts be used in other products? Is this information clearly communicated on the product? This will extend its life.
Reduce
Is it possible to reduce the amount of materials used? This will help to protect valuable resources.
Repair
Is the product easy to repair? This will extend its life.
Refuse
This means not accepting things that are not the best option for the environment. For example, is the packaging really needed?
Carbon Footprint
2) All products have a carbon footprint because when they are made, transported and used; fossil fuels are provided to burn the energy for these processes (most of the time), and this emits carbon dioxide.
3) So the more energy that's needed to make something, the bigger it's carbon footprint.
1) All products have a carbon footprint because carbon dioxide is released when products are made, transported and used; fossil fuels are burned to provide the energy for these processes (most of the time), and this emits carbon dioxide.
4) A product's carbon footprint is also affected by the distance it travels from where its made to where it's used. This is called product miles.
5) Making products so that they are energy efficient will reduce their carbon footprint. Appliances often have energy efficiency ratings, e.g. an A-rated fridge is better than a D-rated one.
Wood
Wood
Hard Wood
Slow growing
More expensive
Tighter Grain
Denser and harder
Types Of Hard Wood
Teak
Oak
Mahogany
Pine
Maple
Soft Wood
Types of Soft Wood
Cedar
Spruce
Fur
Pine
Lurch
Fast Growing
Cheap
Evergreen
Strong
Timber
Comes in different sizes
Planks
Strips
Types
Mouldings
Hard wood strips
Veneers
Thin cuts of wood glued onto other materials
Rough Sawn
Not soothed sawn
Planned Square Edge (PSE)
Plaks and strips
Finishes
Paint
Colour and Protect wood
Polyurethane Varnish
Waterproof and tougher
Oil
Oil Maintain the woods natural apperence
Wood Stain
Enhance the appearance of the grain
MDF
Manufactured Boards
Block Board
Sustainable
Usually made of pine and spruce
Cheap
Chunks of wood glued together to make it strong
Chip Board
Cheap
Not Very Strong
Hard wood or plastic sheet covers it
Made by compressing wood particles together with glue
Used for table tops and cheap furnature
MDF
Stands for Medium Density Fibreboard
Cheap
Tiny fibres glued together and compressed into pannels
Used to make furniture and shelves
Can be painted easily
Ply Wood
Can Be Bent
Used in Curved Furniture
Made up of layes
Used for Building and construction
Manufactured Boards finishes and sizes
Manufactured Board Sizes
Pegboard is a board with holes
Come in a range of thickness
Mouldings is board coming in set sizes
Boards are usually sold in sheets 2440mm and 1220mm
Finishes
Veneer
Laminate
Paint
Process of cutting Wood
Slab Sawn
FSC Checked
Quarter Sawn
More Waste
Less Waste
Stops extinction of plants
Stock Forms
Dowel
Sheets
Boards
Vary in length
Varys in thickness
Can be supplied in rectangle or square sections
Suplied like sticks
Rod of wood
Man made boards
Plywood
MDF
Block Board
Types of resources
Non renewable
Renewable Resources
Can be replenished
Timber
Card
Paper
Fabric
Solar
Cannot be replenished
Oil
Plastic
Iron
Coal
Manufacturing processes
How Resources are made
Collect raw materials
Process
Make Product
No use
Land fill
Reused
Recycled
Tools
Marking out tools
Wasting and abrading tools
Permanent joining methods
Cutting methods
Drill
Fret saw
Sander
Sand paper
Laser cutter
Coping Saw
Chisel
File
Pencil
Gauge
Rule
Rebel
Mortise
Cross hatching
Comb
Finger
Dovetail
Tennon
Plastic Manufacture
Injection Forming
Plastic is heated and is pushed by a motorised screw into a metal mould
Advantages
Disadvantages
Limited waste
Low labour cost
Quick
Machines are expensive
amount made can impact the enviroment
Blow moulding
Liquid plastic is put inside a mould and compressed air is put inside so it inflates
Advantages
Cheap
Make lots quikly
Can make lots of products
Disadvantages
Plastic is bad for the enviroment
Machines are expensive
Vacuum Forming
Putting a piece of heated plastic over a mould and have the plastic sucked down
Advantages
Cheaper plastic cost
Easy production
Cost to operate is cheap
Disadvantages
Cannot produce quickly
parts can have bubbles inside
can web
details are hard to make
Factors for making a product
Ergonomics/ Anthropometrics
Physical factors
Hand eye co-ordination
Strength
Size
Stamina
Psychological factors
change how senses respond
Sociological factors
Covers special groups
Engage people with disabilities
Access and safety
Inclusive design
Specific type of consume
Anthropmetrics
Involves human measurements
Impact a product has on the enviroment
Cad/Cam
use to make models and manufacture with 3d printing or laser cutter
Fair trade
Products have been produced under suitable pay
CNC
Automated Manufacure
robots can be programed to perform tasks
Types of manufacture
Just in time
Ordered something for a deadline
Continuous production
High automated manufacture
Mass Production
Large quantities made
one off production
design made to client specification
Batch production
set quantities of product are manufacured
Market pull
Manufacture wants to increase the demand of the market
Technology push
change in design to suit manufacturing method or new technology
Exact manufacturing
Jig
Make the same angles by bending in plastic
Former
Makes things the exact same shape
Template
something you can draw around
Mattern
used to make a mould when casting
Mould
hollow shape for casting
Paper and card
pulp
Mechanical pulp
grounded wood pulp before entering the machine
Thermos mechanical pulp
wood pulp softened by steam
semi chemical pulp
Wood particles are chemically treated before being put in a machine
sulphate/kraft pulp
cooking wood chips in pressure vessil with sodium hydroxide
De inked pulp
Pulp made of paper without the ink
paper sizes
foundries machine
it is put in the four driver where the water is removed
More water is removed by suction boxes
wood pulp is put in the head box
Feltbelt mops away further moister
dryer drys the pulp
calenders roll into flat paper
A1
A2
A0
A3
A4
A5
A6
Thickness
220 gsm or over is classed as card
1000 micros = 1mm
higher the number of micros the thicker it is
Types
Layout
40Gsm
Very thin
Tracing paper
60 Gsm
very thin
Cartridge paper
used for drawing artwork
Cardboard
Recycalable
Book Covers
Stiff
Cheap
Soli white board
Can print on both sides
High end packaging
Duplex board
Cheaper
Food packaging
Foil lined Board
Cartons
Water proof
Corrugated Board
Strong
Stiff
Boxes
Coloured paper
Different types used for finished work
applied to models
Grid paper
Printed square and isometric
a guide for quick sketches
Reflective films and holograms
reflective
warning patches
polymer based sheet and films
fluted
translucent
point of sale displays
Smart and modern materials
Modern
Developed through new invention or process
Metal based
Aluminum
Nickle plated steel
Polymer coated aluminium
wood
flexible MDF
Flexiply
Aircraft grade plywood
Smart
React to different variables like light and water
Composites
fibres
Glass
Carbon
Kevlar
Boats, sport cars
Particle based
concrete
cements
pavements and bridges
Shape memory alloy
Flexible
can bend
Glases frames
Thermochromic sheets
Thermal warning
Bateries
Jewlery
Photo chromic pigment
Reacts with temperature
Reacts with light
anti flash visors
sun blocking products
Phosphate pigment
Glow in the dark
Polymorph
easily usable moulding
prostatic limbs
Grip prototypes
Printing
Colours
Magenta
Cyan
Key
Yellow
Black
Types of printing
Offset lithography
A printing plate with a relief image is dampened with water and colourd with ink
Image is transferred with a roller
Gavure
Image is made up of small holes sunk into the surface of the printing plates
used for stamps magazines and catalouges
Screen printing
Mesh is used to transfer ink onto a substrate
Used for multi-coloured image desighn
Letter press
Makes parts of the card raised and low down
Digital
Ink jet printing from a computer image file
UV varnishing
Protect
Enhance
Easy process
oil based is the cheapest
post printing
Die Cutting
Make multiple identical shapes
Embossing
Enhancement on special work
Hot Foil Blocking
Forces foil into the surface of the material
used on book covers
Packaging
Contain
Contains the product
Protect
Protect from damage
Display
Show what is inside and make the consumer buy it
In form
Must show safety and allergies
What the product is
Ferrous metals and non ferrous metals
Ferrous metals
Non Ferrous metals
Doesn't contain Iron / ferrous
Aluminum
Brass
Copper
Tin
Zinc
Contains Iron/ ferrous
Iron
Mild steel
High carbon steel
Stainless steel
High speed steel
Plastics
Thermoset plastics
Can be heated and shaped once
Epoxy resin
Cannot be reshaped
Polyester resin
Urea pormadhyde
Phenol formalhyde
Thermoplastics
Can be heated and reshaped many times
Polyamide / nylon
Polymethlyl
High impact polystyrene / HIPS
Polyproplene
Polythene
BSI Kite Mark
British Standards Institution
make sure stuff is safe
Biodegradable
degrades over time
CE Symbol
Shows product is safe
Definitions/Miscellaneous
Continuous improvement
Keeps improving
Copyright
allows people to not steal your ideas
Patent
Registered desighn
trademark
Data transfer
Moving data
Design movements
Design theme
Memphis
modernism
Bauhaus
Design Criteria
Specific design with specifacations
Finishes
A coating added to products for protection and higher quality
Finite
Runs out
Market Research
gathering information on consumers
Modeling
Developing a tester model
Nano materials
Changing Nano particle structure
Product evolution
Product changes
Product miles
How far the product has to travel
Prototyping
Point of sale
Displays products
Quality assurance
Test for quality
Risk assesment
how safe a product is and working coditions
Standard coponents
prepared components
srcews
bolts
circuit boards
Stock control
Process using apropriat amounts
synthetic materials
Chemical products
Target Market
Audience for product
Tolerance
How much pressure it can hold
Video conferance
Talking across skype or similar
working triangle
efficient layout of production
5th to 95th percentile
Vast amounts of consumers
Animal Products
Ergonomics
Relating to or designed for efficiency and comfort in the working environment.