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TASK 4: motives for emotional expression (Niedenthal (MECHANISMS…
TASK 4: motives for emotional expression
Niedenthal
facial expressions of emotion
communicate motives and emotions
behavior regulators -rewards/punishments
vicarious emotion
Learning Affective Associations
supportive mechanism of more general observational learning
MECHANISMS SUPPORTING EMOTION PHENOMENA IN DYADS
reproduction of perceived facial and bodily emotional gestures in the self
mirror neurons + mirror systems
facial feedback theory = mimicry of a target’s facial expression provides the perceiver with afferent feedback that can provide cues to infer the internal state of the target
affect-as-information theory = when perceivers believe that their affective state has been caused by the target of perception, they rely on that state to make judgments of the target (how the target is feeling)
Emotion simulation = to understand emotions in others, individuals use their own body and brain representational capacities to simulate themselves making the same gestures in the same context.
Use this simulation to infer what the other person is feeling + how they should or would respond in this situation
mimicry of facial expression
the more individuals mimicked facial expressions of happiness (smiles), the greater the activation in the reward centers of their brain
generating a corresponding emotional state in the perceiver
STUDY: injected botulinum toxin (Botox)
inability to mimic angry/sad faces -> lower reported feelings
inhibiting mimicry decreases activation of the brain’s emotion centers
somatosensory cortices in processing facial expression of emotion
right somatosensory cortex produces an “image” of the felt state = representation of the afferent feedback, which is used to produce inferences about how the perceived person feels
FUNCTIONAL EMOTION PHENOMENA IN GROUPS
group emotions / collective emotions = emotions that arise as a function of being in a collective such as a work team or a crowd they occur in groups
functions
creating groups
maintaining viability of a group
group-based emotion = emotions that are elicited in an individual because of his or her identification with a group
Intergroup Emotion Theory = when people identify themselves as a member of a group, they can experience emotions on behalf of, or from the standpoint of, this group
functions:
sustaining collective action
signaling the need - motivating such actions
emotional climate
MECHANISMS
emotional contagion (mimcry)
group leaders
self-stereotyping
norms
Joorman
STUDY
GOALS:
examine the operation of depression-specific biases in the identification or labeling of facial expression of emotions
examine the content specificity and diagnostic specificity of biases
PARADIGM: morphed-faces task - participants with major depression + social phobia + control participants were presented with faces that expressed increasing degrees of emotional intensity
content-specificity hypothesis = depressed and anxious individuals should demonstrate biases only for stimuli that are consistent with the cognitive schemata that underlie these disorders:
sadness and loss for depression
anger and social threat for anxiety
RESULTS
Diagnostic specificity
a) depressed participants (MDD)
required significantly greater intensity of emotion than did the social phobic + control participants to correctly identify happy expressions
b) social phobic participants (SP)
needed less intensity to correctly identify the angry expressions than did the depressed + control participants
Content Specificity
a) MDD:
required less intensity to identify sad than angry expressions
b) SP
less intensity to identify angry than sad expressions
Finzi
facial feedback hypothesis = signaling between the emotional centers of the brain and the facial muscles is bidirectional
emotional proprioception = muscles of facial expression play a central role in encoding and transmitting information to the brain’s emotional circuitry
EP neuroanatomical circuitry
injection of BT: temporarily and reversibly paralyzing corrugator muscle
influence the proprioceptive signal sent along the optic branch of the trigeminal nerve
then: PFC + amygdala
Botox injections into frown muscles -> amygdala less responsive to negative stimuli
Vingerhoets
basal (non-emotional) tears - lubrication/protection
weeping (emotional tears) – functions:
1) catharsis and emotional recovery (‘intra-individual’’ function)
2) signaling to others one’s need for support change in their ongoing behavior and in the directing of their attention to the crier (‘‘inter-individual’’ function)
STUDY 1:
HYPOTHESIS: crying elicits helping behavior in others
mediators
perceived helplessness
higher willingness to help that person
perceived friendliness + agreeableness
crying individuals are perceived as more agreeable, less aggressive
increased social connectedness
seeing tears might make us feel more closely connected to the crying individual- also promotes prosocial behavior
PARADIGM:
presented pictures of a person crying with visible tears + with tears digitally removed
RESULTS:
perceived helplessness and felt connectedness predicted the willingness to help a person depicted as crying tearfully
perceived friendliness did not (increase in perceived friendliness of someone who was crying, BUT did not lead to an increased willingness to help)