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Music Revision EOY 8 (African Drumming / Samba (Similarities (Use the same…

- - - - The master drummer has the most elaborate part, leading the drum ensemble and playing solos
    - - Where a piece is learnt through listening and copying
    - - It is when a short phrase is played and is answered with another similar rhythm
    - - A disturbed or interrupted rhythm compared to the regular beat
    - - A continually repeated musical phrase or rhythm
    - - Having only one instrument playing at once
      - Samba uses different instruments (clave, agogo, surdo, repinique)
    - - Having many instruments playing at once
  - - - Rhythm is a 4 bar phrase
        
        This makes it more memorable without becoming too repetitive
        
        3 repetitions then one different idea
    - - Almost always has the beat in the bass to keep everyone in time
      - A build up in texture is used during the break to build up back into the main section with everyone playing
    - - Mostly loud dynamics but there are some sudden changes to quiet dynamics to allow for build up
    - - Call and response - signifies the start of the piece and marks different sections
      - Solos - monophonic which contrasts with the polyphonic sections
  - - - Main grooves
      - Call and response
      - Breaks
    - - Both have multiple rhythms being played at the same time - polyrhythm
    - - Music isn’t written down
      - Performers learn rhythms by ear
  - - - Lots of ostinati
      - Enough syncopation to be memorable but not too much to be too complex
      - Only three tones
      - Learnt through oral tradition so complex training is unneeded
    - - Clear pulse and fast tempo
        
        Clear pulse allows crowd involvement
        
        Fast tempo makes it exciting
      - Dramatic changes in dynamics and texture
        
        This makes the piece more interesting/varied and can excite the crowd
      - Polyphonic
        
        Allows crowd involvement
  - - - Use both hands
    - - 3 tones
- - - - Short musical phrase w/ words or no words which the song writer wants you to remember specifically
    - - The series of notes, chord pattern or musical phrase that is repeated is called a "riff." Often, a riff is used as an introduction to a song, such as a guitar riff.
    - - Type of hook and summarises song concept
        It is usually the song title as well
    - - What the song is about - the meaning of or the story told by the lyrics
    - - The tune of a song that is made memorable by repetition, syncopation and being conjunct
    - - The lyrics are the words sung in the song. They are short and address the listener.
    - - These are sections which 'set the scene' of the song
        These are repeated before each chorus
        The different verses will often have different lyrics unlike the choruses
    - - This a section which shows the song concept and is often repeated. In this section the feelings and emotions of the singer are shown
    - - This is a section which prepares the listener for the climax of the song - it creates momentum for the second chorus
  - - - Texture thickens from verse to chorus to build up
        
        Texture is thickest at the peak of musical interest - the second to last chorus
      - The changes in texture are sudden and contrasting
        
        Example : The last chorus' texture is a lot thinner than the thick textured chorus just before it
    - - Rhythms become busier / more complex (shorter notes)
        
        In order to build up momentum
    - - The melody is conjunct
        
        So it is easy to sing
      - The melody usually uses syncopation
      - The melody is repeated often
    - - Dynamics will get louder
        
        In order to build up during the pre-chorus
        
        Dynamics are loudest at the peak of musical interest - the second to last chorus
      - Changes in dynamics are sudden and contrasting
        
        Example : The last chorus is a lot quieter than the loudest chorus just before it
    - - The lyrics are often simple
        
        So they are more memorable
      - About love
        
        The most commercially successful
      - Usually uses direct address
        
        So listener can 'immerse' themselves
    - - This allows the lyrics to represent the story of the song concept.
      - It makes sure the song doesn't become too repetitive e.g. through the bridge
      - The verses sets up a scene
        
        The chorus is then an expression of emotion
- - - - Double the note length:
        Crotchet becomes minim
    - - Half the note length:
        Crotchet becomes quaver
    - - Flatten 3rd and 6th note of key signature
    - - Move a short phrase up or down in steps
    - - The main melody switches between parts/ hands. In echo, the same phrase is repeated at a quieter dynamic.
    - - Held notes or chords throughout most or all of a piece.
    - - These are additional notes added to a melody that are not part of the harmony and are usually used as passing notes
    - - A melody played at the same time as the main melody.
        These can either contrast or complement the main melody
    - - Backwards - C, E, F, G --> G, F, E, C
    - - Switch direction - if up 3 notes, then goes down 3 notes.