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B3.1-B3.4 (Catalysts and Enzymes (Enzymes can: (build large molecules from…
B3.1-B3.4
Catalysts and Enzymes
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Enzymes are large proteins. The shape of an enzyme is vital for its function. The enzyme has an area called its active site where its substrate molecule can fit.
The substrate is held in the active site and may be joined to another molecule or may be broken down into smaller molecules.
Enzymes can:
build large molecules from many smaller ones, such as building starch from glucose molecules.
change one molecule into another one, such as converting type of sugar into another one.
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The Chemistry Of Food
Carbohydrates
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Glucose has one unit of sugar. Sucrose has two units of sugar linked together. These are simple sugars.
Starch and cellulose are made of long chains of simple sugar units that are bonded together. These are complex carbohydrates.
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Proteins
Proteins are made of long chains of amino acids. The long chains are folded to form a specific shape. Other molecules can fit into these specific shapes. If the protein is heated the shape is changed and the protein is denatured.
Each protein has a specific function. Some proteins are structural components of tissues, such as muscles. Other proteins are hormones, antibodies, or enzymes.
Food Tests
Carbohydrates:
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Benedict's test for sugars - blue Benedict's solution turns brick red on heating when a sugar such as glucose is present.
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Lipids: ethanol test - ethanol added to a solution gives a cloudy white layer if a lipid is present.
Tissues And Organs
Tissues
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Animal tissues includes muscular tissues, which can contract to bring about movement.
Glandular tissues, which produces substances such as enzymes or hormones.
Epithelial tissues, which covers some parts of the body.
Organs
Organs are made of tissues. The stomach is an organ made of muscular tissue to churn the stomach contents.
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