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TASK 3: Emotion Regulation (Gross (emotion regulation (conscious/unconscio…
TASK 3: Emotion Regulation
Gross
affect
emotions
moods
stress responses
modal model of emotion
situation>attention>appraisal>response (then again, situation>attention…)
emotion regulation
conscious/unconscious
intrinsic/extrinsic
down/up regulation (positive up, negative down)
counterhedonic - often motivated by instrumental goals or cultural imperatives
process model of emotion regulation
5 strategies, each corresponding to different phase of modal model of emotion
attentional deployment
cognitive change
situation modification
response modulation
situation selection
extended process model of emotion regulation
What initiates emotion regulaition? - VALUATION PROCESS
emotion= one type of Valuation. World gives rises to perceptions, When valued, these valuations give rise to actions, that can alter the state of the world ->cycle repeats
interacting valuation systems
Emotion regulation -> one valuation system (second-level valuation system) takes another valuation system (first-level valuation system – generates emotion) as a target -> evaluates it either negatively or positively, activating action impulses intended to modify the activity in the first-level valuation system
object of valuation is another valuation system -> emotion regulation -> aspect of the world that is giving rise to the “W-PVA” cycle is itself a valuation
first valuation - emotion elicitation, second valuation-emotion regulation
The 2nd VALUATION SYSTEM-> 3 stages
selection
a) perceptual = potential emotion regulation strategies are represented
Emotion regulation failure: person may “see” very few emotion regulation strategies to choose from (perception);
b) valuation = in light of contextual factors such as available cognitive + physiological resources; and the type and strength of the emotional impulse
contextual factors are inappropriately weighed (valuation)
people prefer reappraisal to distraction when emotion intensity is low but prefer distraction to reappraisal when emotion intensity is high
c) action = activation of a goal to use a particular strategy change in the (internal) world
belief that one cannot effectively employ a particular emotion regulation strategy (action) = low emotion regulation self-efficacy
implementation (adapting strategy to given specific situation)
a) perceptual = represent relevant features of the world + various ways of implementing a particular strategy
few tactics may be evident (perceptual)
b) valuation = various tactics are evaluated + most promising are selected
tactics may be mistakenly assigned either a higher or lower value than they deserve in a given context (valuation)
c) action = implementation
tactics are bungled in their implementation (action)
identification
a) Perception = detect emotion
lack of emotional awareness (perception failure)
b) Valuation = value attached to emotion os sufficiently negative or positive to activate regulation
if one fails to place adequate value on the regulation goal (valuation)
c) action = activate a representation = goal to regulate the emotion -> change in the (internal)
psychological inertia = tendency to continue to act as one has previously (not regulating one’s emotions); weakly activated regulation goal (action
Emotion Maintenance = action outputs of the three emotion regulation stages are highly similar across cycles
Emotion Regulation Switching = goal to regulate is still active, but the means that are being used to achieve that goal have been adjusted in light of unfavorable prior results
Emotion Regulation Stopping = goal to regulate emotion may no longer be activated
Berke
gender and emotions
male’s preponderance in externalizing problems
e.g., aggressive behavior, substance use disorders, antisocial personality disorder, oppositional defiant disorder
women report higher rates of “internalizing” disorders
e.g., depression, anxiety
masculinity = feelings, attitudes, behaviors that a given society associates with the biological aspects of being male
engendered through cultural practices (e.g., division of household labor, childcare practices, governance) and institutions (e.g., schools, churches, families) via basic operant learning processes including reinforcement, punishment, modeling
men who have strongly internalized masculine ideology prescribing restrictive emotionality (cognitive masculinity factors)
men who experience significant stress in response to self- perceived violations of this prescription (experiential masculinity factors)
masculinity and emotion regulaition
a) childhood socialization
receive different messages about how, when, and which emotions to regulate
b) cognitive and experiential factors of masculinity
exert social pressures on men in the moment
a) Cognitive factors = men are posited to incorporate cognitions about masculinity into their emotional and behavioral repertoires at varying levels (“gender roles,” “norms,” “stereotypes”)
Male Normative Alexithymia Hypothesis” = lifetime of conforming to the masculine norm of restrictive emotionality could produce deficits in the ability to identify and describe emotions (alexithymia)
b) ) Experiential factors = stress associated with violations of masculine norms
Gender Role Strain Paradigm
prevailing masculine norms are constraining, contradictory, and inconsistent most men fall short of these norms
violations of gender norms (gender discrepancy) are associated with significant stress and anxiety (discrepancy stress)
threat of negative social consequences for gender discrepancy motivates men to overconform to masculine norms
Precarious Manhood = masculinity is neither innate nor static requires ongoing public demonstrations of proof to maintain