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Cell Structure (Animal Cell parts
& functions (Nucleus (10 μm)
…
Cell Structure
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Specialised Animal cells
Red blood cells
In blood vessels, carry O2
Bi-concave - increase SA
no nucleus, more storage
Muscle cells (striated)
In muscles; contract, relax
Mitochondria, large energy demand
Move bones (movement)
Special sliding proteins,
(fibres contract) glycogen fuel
Muscle cells (smooth)
One layer tissue, digest system
contract, squeeze food through gut
Sperm cell
In testes, pass genes on
Half genes of male (nucleus)
Long tail, movement
Mitochondria (middle), energy
Acrosome enzyme break egg
Fat cells
Near muscle, fat energy store
Mitochondria (respire) stretch x1000
Neurones
Electrical impulse round body
rapid communicaion
dendrite - connect; axon - carry
(blue whale axon - 25 m)
Pass impulse to cell/muscle
(Special transmit chem, need mito)
Myelin sheath insulation
Gland cells
Inner skin membrane
manufacture, secrete chemicals
large cells, large blood demand
Specialised
plant cells
Xylem cells (transport tissue)
Carries water, mineral ions
support, to high leaves, shoots
First die, lignin builds up in spirals
killed - long hollow tubes in c.walls
Strong, withstand PSI of water
Phloem cells (transport tissue)
Carry PS food, form like xylem
(not lignified) sieve plates, transport
food dissolve in water (cell breakdown)
Support by companion cells (energy)
PS cells
Chloroplast, chlorophyll; traps light
Continuous layers in leaves, stems
absorb as much sunlight as possible
Vacuole (rigid), support stem, spread leaf
Guard cells (osmosis)
Out H2O, In CO2; rigid = open
Leaf underside, Half-circle pairs
Epidermal cells
Leaf top - protection,
waxy layer, translucent (PS)
Root hair cells
efficient absorption (xylem)
close to xylem (active transport)
Vacuole speeds up osmosis
Large SA, mito for A.T.
Microscopes
Magnification
1 m = 1 x 10 m
1 cm = 1 x 10^-2 m
1 mm = 1 x 10^-3 m
1 μm = 1 x 10^-6 m
1 nm = 1 x 10^-9 m
1 pm = 1 x 10^-12 m
1 fm = 1 x 10^-15 m
Light microscope
Mid-17th century; for cells
Continuing development
Light beam for image
up to x2000; school ~x400
Cheap, live samples portable
Electron microscope
1930s; sub-cellular structures
e- beams = x2000000
large, costly,
special temp, humidity, PSI
Transmission
2D, high magnification
Scanning
3D, lower magnification
Eukaryotic Prokryotic
Eukaryotic (10-100 μm)
(Animals, plant, fungi, protista)
c.membrane, cytoplasm, genetic material enclosed in nucleus (DNA)
structures - chromosomes
Prokaryotes (0.2-2.0 μm)
single-celled living organisms
Bacterial colony to see them with your naked eye
some useful, some harmless
(e.g. Bacteria)
Contents (pro-)
cell wall (non-cellulose)
Cytoplasm, c.membrane,
free genetic material
single DNA loop in cytoplasm
more small rings (plasmids) plasmids - specific features
(E.g. antibiotic resistance)
sometimes a slime capsule
sometimes flagella
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Magnification
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Resolution
ability to distinguish two separate points
Resolving power
Affects detail shown
Light - 200 nm
Scanning - 10 nm
Trans - 0.2 nm
0.2 nm distance between solid atoms
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Extra
cell parts
Chloroplast (3-5 μm)
In all green parts of plants
Contain chlorophyll (PS)
Root cells don't have under ground
Permanent vacuole
Space of cell sap
Keeps cell rigid, support
Cellulose cell wall:
Cell strength, support
Specialisation
Smallest live organism
Carry all functions of life
Most org. are bigger, made of cells
Develop = differentiate
some alone, some in tissue
Plants can re-differentiate
Animals get diff sub-cell structures;
Different cell = different organelles