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Interview analysis (Discourse Analysis talk and text in its own right as…
Interview analysis
Discourse Analysis
talk and text in its own right
as a function, to do a job
Procedure
Gather Material
Interviews, newspapers, social media, conversation recordings
Formulating your research questions
e.g. Recession: what type of evidence is cited in newspapers, and how is it constructed?
Reading and re-reading
Coding
selecting and organising data
not analysis itself
e.g. evidence for recession, or construction of recession
Analysis
What things are talked about in the material
what kinds of people does the text attempt to construct
what function does this way of talking and context serve
Technique: try replacing words
Rhetorical devices and functions
Disclaimer
explicit disavowal of stance advocated
know that they will attract criticism
deny criticism preemptively
"I'm not racist, but..."
Stake innoculation
denies claim that speaker has prior commitment before being made
"You would say that wouldn't you"
e.g. I'm not usually the type of person to believe such things,but...
Similar to disclaimer
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extreme case formulation
semantically extreme words to defend or justify
exaggeration
all, none, every, absolutely, never, LITERALLY, etc.
similar to hyperbole, but with a use.
Category entitlement
Refer to 'experts' to innoculate statement from criticism
"Scientists say...", "My friend a doctor said"
Builds credibility of claim
passive voice
object & verb but weak, indeterminate subject
the rioters were killed vs. police killed the rioters
downplay responsibility
Shift blame
3 part list
list sounds complete
psychologically convincing
maths: 3 required for prediction
picture of extensive evidence
Identity claims
identity as something done in talk
construction as active person, or victim, etc.
paint picture of self
Validity & reliability
Interpretation is everywhere. In quantitative analysis, done beforehand i.e. operationalisation
Validity
If speakers treat constructions as different, we can analyse as such
e.g. own discovery ('objective' repertoire), vs other's bias ('subjective' 'psychological' repertoire) used on different occaisions
Discuss your analysis with others
Illustrative examples allow reader to judge
defend analytic claims
Reliability
rhetorical devices have regocnisble features and funcitons
can be checked by other analysts
Advantages & Disadvantages
Advantages
analyse how people do things with words and how reality is contructed through language
useful for studying
power
(and to be
critical
)
Can study any topic in psychology
wide variety of data types can be analysed (secondary data)
Disadvantages
IPA
Interpretative Phenomenological analysis
form of thematic analysis which makes psych assumptions
study of experience, of people's 'life-worlds'
the state of affairs in which the world is experienced
the subjective
what matters to participants
Assumptions
people interpret the world of phenomena (things)
We therefore study their interpretations of their world
researchers interpret the world
we bring our own sense-making to analysis
Researchers intepret people's interpretations
self-awareness - reflexivity
Design and Procedure
Design
interested in
Idiographic (individuals, particular cases) vs nomothetic (general principles, averages - average person doesn't exist)
Meaning to people vs causal relations (experiments)
quality (types) rather than quantity (amount or strength)
Data gathering
typically semi-strucutred interviews
diaries (not newspapers, social media, etc.) - can give guidance
Participants own words, ideally probe responses
sample size
6-8 standard
4-5 accepaible
1 allowed but not advised
(dont' get swamped in data - tempting to summarise)
sample type more important than size
Homeogenous sample rather than representitive
Coding
thematic - 6 interviews, code across all 6
IPA analyse single case and move on, one by one
analysis
Immerse in material
identify key words or phrases - equivalent of coding
words seem important as reflections of experience
remember reflexivity and researcher's role
Identify themes
Clustering of themes
superordinate theme identified through connections
not all themes will fit into cluster
some themes will be dropped
Integration of cases
use themes from 1st cases as hypothesis for 2nd, 3rd, etc.
Validation
a matter of plausibility
Iterative reading
stick to, and return to data
are themes
important and distinctive
aspect of experince?
instances similar -
merge
instances different -
split
in the write up
present quotes to illustrate themes
other people may judge plausability
Skilled interviewing
prompts, follow ups
well evidenced
extracts to support
detailed interpretive commentary/narrative
point to elements of convergence and divergence
Strengths and Weaknesses
Strengths
good for giving a 'voice' to speakers
high in validity/authenticity (rather than reliability)
in-depth (vs surface)
idographic, but can contribute to generalisations
good for research on self & identity
Weaknesses
IPA (and thematic ana) treat language as door to mind
how world is experienced is not necessarily what it is like.
"I bet you 5 pounds" is
doing something
with language
"I love you" is a statement of intentions, commintment, feelings, etc
.
Also not what peopel
do
Thematic Analysis
Approach which identifies themes or patterns of meaning
Underpins many other types of analysis
A theme captures something important about material related to research
represents some level of patterned response
Emphasis on meaning
Procedure
Phase 1 - Immerse in material
Read
take notes
begin coding
Selective coding
Complete coding
Phase 3 - search for themes
Identify codes which belong together
Phase 4 - review themes
decide if themes form coherent pattern
some candidates are not themes (not enough support data)
others may be merged
others may be split
Phase 5 - define and name themes
write accompanying narrative
not just paraphrase, identify what is interesting
writing integral part of analysis, not just at end (c.f. stat analysis)
Phase 6
Phase 2 - initial coding
identify parts of text of interest
code = basic units of meaning
coded text = from few words to multi-sentence chunk
coded data differs from themes which are broader
use highlighters, comments, post-it notes, etc.
Advantages & Disadvantages
Problems
Howitt (2013) At it's worst, analyst identifies 5 or 6 themes and looks for examples
Implies themes are there without researcher's input
no justification or explanation for themes
no criteria, no effort
Advantages
Can be used with any qualitative data set (e.g. social media)
Generic features - learn how to do this, other methods are easily gained
method of analysis
top down
you already know what you're interested in and look for
bottom up (thematic analysis)
note features without judgement
stay close to 'data' (language, concepts, categories of text)
Something in between
Top down
Theory driven - look for features of a theory within text
Bottom up
thematic analysis - no preconceptions
IPA vs. Thematic
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TA for social media etc. IPA for individuals of a group
IPA has more psych assumptions, TA more atheoretical
IPA sample size recommendations
procedurally similar
IPA builds codes from single case