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Test and Measurement 3. (Psychometrics (Psychological Tests (What is a…

- - - - Kid
        
        Different ppl must do the same thing (test) and we look at the Differences btw them
        
        Examples
        
        University Exams
        
        Job interview
        
        Personality Test
      - Personal
        
        we put ppl. in a Standard Situation, Measure
        their Behavior, and look at the Differences
      - Formal
        
        Objective and Standardized Measure of a Sample of Behavior (Set of Test Scores)
        
        a Standard Situation to which Different ppl are exposed, where the Focus is on Individual Differences in Performance and Reactions
    - - Reliability
        
        Definition
        
        Kid
        
        how much Similar Results we get in Similar Conditions (even
        if maybe we are Measuring smth else than we want to)
        
        Reliability
        
        Classical Test Theory
        (aka: True Score Theory)
        
        1 more item...
        
        How to give an
        Estimate of Reliability
        (Rel = True Variance / Error Variance)
        
        1 more item...
        
        Formal
        
        if it produces Same Results given the Same Condition (hypothetically: same Situation and Individual)
        
        It is the characteristic of a Set of Test Scores that relates to the amount of Random Error from the Measurement Process that might be embedded in the scores
        
        a reliable test gives Predictable results Free from Random Errors
        
        Personal
        
        how Accurately it Measures the Same Smth (Not necessarily what we Intend to measure) under same Conditions
        
        how Reproducible are some Results given similar Conditions
      - Validity
        
        Definition
        
        Formal
        
        The extent to which a Test Measures what it is Intended to Measure
        
        the degree to which Evidence and Theory Support the Interpretations of Test scores (entailed by the Intended uses of tests)
        
        it's a Property of the Interpretation of a Test
        
        Validity
        
        it's a Property of the Interpretation of a Test
        
        it allows us to make Valid Conclusions and Results
        
        1 more item...
        
        Personal
        
        how Accurately a Test represents the Abstract Psych. Construct or the Differences we Intended to measure
        
        Kid
        
        if we are Measuring what we Wanted to Measure,
        and Not Smth Else instead (other Variables or Errors)
      - Unidimensionality
        
        we want the Test to Measure
        Only One Thing (1 Latent Variable)
      - apt to Capture
        Individual Differences
        
        Not too Easy
        
        Not too Difficult
        
        interested in obtaining
        a Variety of Results
      - Big amount of Data
        
        in order to Make Sense of values we
        need to be able to Compare them
        
        Raw Data are Not Informative by Themselves,
        Informative if Comparable
      - Sensitivity & Specifity
        
        Sensitivity
        
        Part of True Positives that are
        Correctly Identified
        
        Sen = TP / (TP + FN)
        
        how Many ppl. we Say have
        Smth that do Actually have it
        
        Specifity
        
        Part of True Negatives that are
        Correctly Identified
        
        Spe = TN / (TN + FP)
        
        how Many ppl. we Say do Not have Smth
        that Actually do Not have it
      - No Range Effect
        (Floor / Ceiling Effect)
        
        we want to Capture as many Individual
        Differences as possible
        
        need a Big Enough Range to Represent
        the whole Variance
      - T-scores
        
        Decided by Researchers
        
        the Scale is Transformed so that:
        
        Mean = 50
        
        Standard Deviation = 10
      - No Observation Effects
        
        Demand Characteristics
        
        Ex. get a personality test at a job interview.
        Fill it up so to appear as the perfect candidate
        
        Hawthorne Effect
        
        Social Facilitation
        
        Lack of Motivation
        
        Ex. boring test administered to tired students
    - - Definition
        
        Kid
        
        you have an Abstract concept you canNot Measure, so you look at those things you Can Measure that you think are Caused by that concept
        
        Ex. Anxiety:
        
        physiological arousal, self-report of
        tension and apprehension, etc.
        
        Manifest (x) / Latent (L) Variables
        
        Personal
        
        there's an Abstract Psych. Construct you canNot Directly measure, so you look at those things you Can Directly Measure that you think are a Manifestation of that Abstract Construct
        
        Indirectly Measuring an Abstract concept by
        its supposed Directly Observable Manifestations
        
        Formal
        
        Defining an Abstract concept by Directly Measuring the supposed Manifestations of that concept
        
        Defining a Latent Variable by the Manifest Variables that are supposedly caused by it
        
        Defining a Latent Variable by the Operations undertaken to Measure it
  - - - Measurement of Psychological variables, through:
        
        Testing, measurement, assessment, etc.
    - - Quantifying Psychological features
      - Problems:
        
        No Psychological Construct is Directly measurable
        
        Difficult to Define psych. constructs
        
        Ex.
        
        Emotions, Anxiety, Neuroticism,