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Evaluate the factors which lead to cultural diversity in places (15…
Evaluate the factors which lead to cultural diversity in places
(15 marks)
Cultural diversity in British cities
Social clustering - a preference for living close to people you wish to be with - of different ethnic communities can be seen through London
Almost alway by choice
Eg. Wembley - Hindu community has become established - 1/2 Hindu place of worship - the distinct Hindu community here began to emerge when local specialist shops selling preferred goods along with places of worship were also offered
Community facilities offer some protection against racism from the outside and they help to maintain a shared identity
Understanding immigration in the UK
Long history of immigration both for economic reasons and for those escaping persecution
South Asian migrants came to the UK after 1947 for many reasons such as escaping war, seeking economic opportunities, or joining family members who had already settled in the UK
establish local communities with their own clear identities
Settlement patterns determined by the easy accessbliity of key cities
Pakistan migrants gained employment in the northern textile cities of Lancashire and West Yorkshire
Remote rural Britain offered few job opportunities and car ownership was limited in previous years
Physical factors are important in deterring where the new migrant communities settle
New migrant community began as a result of deliberate government policies:
After the 2nd World War labour shortage in the UK's textile factories, public transports system and the NHS led to the government sponsoring job advertisements overseas = agreed immigration targets
Black Afro-Caribbean migrants began arriving from the West Indies from 1948 onwards = Windrush - most settling in Brixton, Catford, Stonebridge and Tottenham
Government policy and the EU
Since 1995 the number of overseas-born people living in the UK has increased - main reason:
The UK's EU membership as well as the expanding of the EU in 2016
the Schengen agreement began to allow the passport-free movement of EU citizens across continental Europe
The geography of Migrants
Most migrants are working-age adults aged 21-35, they consist of both skilled and unskilled workers
Skilled Migrants:
Gain jobs in London's knowledge economy
Skill shortages in the UK force many UK companies to recruit overseas workers
Most tend to be white, highly qualified professionals from the E, USA, South Africa and Australia
Semi- and Unskilled Workers:
Take jobs not wanted by UK workers or with unsocial hours
Many of these migrants are from the EU but they also come from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and increasingly West Africa
EU migrants are less concentrated than those from Asia, Africa or the Caribbean
The rural economy depends on EU migrants for many jobs and many migrate seasonally
Changing Fertility and Mortality Rates
UK's ageing population:
Between 1974-2014 the UK's median age increased from 33.9 to 40.0
In 1974 14% of people were aged over 65 - 2014 = 18%
Demographic change caused by:
Falling fertility rates as a result of increased prosperity leading to women making long-term career choices, marry later and have fear children
Falling mortality rates as healthcare has improved
The UK's dependency ratio increases as the size of the working population has fallen
Immigration balances the dependency ratio:
Immigrants tend to be of working age which helps to increase the government's tax revenue
Long-term immigrants have families which increase the UK's birth and fertility rates
Case study - Southall
Many migrants from the state of Punjab in the North of India ended up in Southall
Punjabi soldiers served in the British army in both World Wars and after Indian Independence many former Indian soldiers and their families decided to move to Britain
many of the India migrants came from middle-income farming families some who gained employment in London's manufacturing and service industries
Concentrations of particular communities are called = SOCIAL ENCLAVES
Cultural diversity = the existence of a variety of cultural or ethnic groups within a city or society