Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Cross Cultural (Ecological analysis (Hofstede
1967 -1973 IBM
116,000…
Cross Cultural
Ecological analysis
Failure to replicate US studies
- Asch conformity in rest of world study of tactfulness, save face of the people/person getting it wrong.
- Social loafing (bigger group are, less people work) - reversed in Pacific Asia
Hofstede
1967 -1973 IBM
116,000 respondents in 72 countries
questions about goals, beliefs, etc.
secondary analysis to look for cultural variation
40 countries, 3 region
4 dimensions
Ecological level
but paradox (Robinson 1950)
literacy and immigration correlate at state level
BUT immigrant literacy is low
Happiest countries are richest
Happiest people are not richest
Ecological falacy - group level findings used at individual level
reverse - attribute properties of individual to culture.
Acquiescence bias
some cultures agree with everything
some choose mid point
questionnaire data wrong
country mean agreement with all items
subtracted or controlled for in analysis
Dimensions
- power distance
acceptance of inequality
Highest: panama, guatemala, malaysia
lowest: denmark, austria, isreal
- Uncertainty avoidance
(conservatism)
High: greece, guatemala, portugal
low: singapore, jamaica, denmark
- Individualism (vs. collectivism)
individuals look after self and family
collective clan, relatives and ingoups look after
High: USA, Australia, UK (rich)
Low: guatemala, ecuador, panama (poor)Strong negative corelation with powerdistance #
High on individualistic, low on power distance (heirarchy less important)
- Masculinity
preference for achievement, heroism, success
(vs. relationships, modesty, quality of life)
High: japan, austria, venezuela
Low: Sweden, norway, netherlands
Critique (Schwarz)
not exhaustive perhaps - questionnaire not designed for purpose
Sample IBM employees
Historical data (1966)
Culture level vs individual level
Translated questionnaire - words mean same thing in different languages?
Schwarz (1990 - now)
teachers and students (teachers influence students become workforce)
77,000 pps 70 countries (now closer to 90)
56 values rated
40 used variables
Schwarz / Hofstede
Individualism & power Distance
Intellectual & affective autonomy
Egalitarianism
&
collectivism and neg PD
embeddedness
Heirarchy
Masculine & Mastery (NS for harmony - so not replicated
Uncertainty & Harmony
Japan & US similar on Mastery
Individualism Hofstede
USA 1st, Guatamala 53rd (Japan 22nd middle)
Culture
Conceptualised by anthropologists
"The man-made part of the human environment" (Herskovits, 1948) both physical things and social systems
"the collective programming of the mind that distinguishes one group of people from another" (Hofstede, 2001)
Social systems (cultural groups) are understood by patterns of behaviour, cultures are understood by meanings attached to behaviour.
Social systems have cultures, cultures do not have social systems
Cultures make behaviour comprehensible, and are ways of interpreting things
-
-