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biology (characteristics of life (mrs H Gren (Respiration (RELEASE of…

- - - - Although not all life can move in sense of locomotion (moving the whole organism from place to place), all cells can move components around inside the cytoplasm
        
        Some plants are able to move tissues or organs (stomata, venus fly trap), these movements are reversible so considered movement, but the growth of a plant towards the sun is irreversible and just a growth response, s is not
    - - RELEASE of energy through oxidation of an energy source
        
        NOT BREATHING
        
        takes place in cytoplasm for bacteria, mitochondria for eukaryotes
      - aerobic
        
        energy source + oxygen -------> water + carbon dioxide + energy
        
        more common
      - anaerobic
        
        energy source ------> lactic acid/etahnol + carbon dioxide + energy
        
        occurs in some bacteria, some fungi, and to a small extent in human muscles
    - - Ability to respond to changes in surroundings
        
        nervous systems or hormones for animals
        
        for plants generally takes form of changes in pattern of growth
        
        unicellular organisms usually confined to moving in response to stimuli such as light or chemicals
    - - can be done by either enlarging cells by increasing volume of cytoplasm or cell division , increasing the number of cells in the organism
        
        multicellular organisms do both
        
        when single celled organisms divide is not growth as two daughter cells considered separate organisms
    - - maintenance of constant internal conditions despite changes in external environment
      - humans can regulate concentration of blood, temperature, blood pH and concentration of mineral ions
      - unicellular organisms can still regulate chemical composition of cytoplasm eg pH
    - - most organisms reproduce sexually, leading to variable offspring, some reproduce asexually, leading to offspring that are genetically identical to the parent plant
    - - NOT EGESTION, which is the removal from the body of undigested food in the form of faeces
      - removal of waste products from an organism
        
        removal of things PRODUCED by the organisms
        
        e.g. urea and carbond dioxide
        
        need to be removed as often toxic in high quantities
  - - - autotrophic
        
        synthesise food molecules from simpler molecules e.g. photosynthesis
      - heterotrophic
        
        use pre-existing food molecules which are then digested and used
  - - - all living organisms contain DNA in cells
        
        in prokaryotes DNA is single loop located in cytoplasm, in eukaryotes DNA is packaged using proteins into multiple linear strands called chromosomes
        
        molecule which provides instructions for how a cell is built and functions, molecular code which determines which proteins are synthesized by the cell
        
        precise type of DNA that a cell contains determines which organism the cell belongs to
      - also RNA