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Luther: Key Topic 1 (7 Elector and the Imperial Diet of 1519 (Seven…

- - - - They wanted to go back to the purest translation of the Bible. They went back to the oldest version (ad fontes)
      - This meant they found errors, eg Erasmus found that the Vulgate used the phrase "Do Penance" but the original in Greek said "Be Penitent" (feel sorry rather than doing an act in which you don't feel sorry)
      - Erasmus did not want to challenge the church, he wanted to reform it from the inside
      - They promoted the idea that a good Christian life should be based on reading the Bible and prayer.
      - So the most important was a Christian's attitude rater than their actions
      - This again could be seen as an attack on the church and its practices like pilgrimages and relics
      - They openly criticised the church Von Hutton wrote "Letters of Obscure Men" Erasmus wrote "In Praise of Folly" This helped create the mood of anti-clericalism in Germany
    - - Has its root in Renaissance - rediscovery of the writing and art of ancient Greece and Rome.
      - Wanted to study these writings to find out what they taught about life. They also believed in researching the earliest, purest examples of these texts.
      - The most commonly used version of the Bible was in Latin. It was known as 'The Vulgate' and had been translated by St Jerome. It contained some errors.
      - Often the writings had been translated to Latin and lost it's original meaning. This was also true to the Bible.
      - This led many Humanists to question the teachings of the church. Some churchmen encouraged this as they thought that humanists would develop a deeper understanding of what the Bible actually meant.
- - - - Go on Pilgrimage - go to a holy place and pray for yourself, your family your friends or for forgiveness
      - Give money to the church so the Priest could pray for you and your family
      - Go to pray at the place where relics are
      - Praying to Saints - one of the most important is the Virgin Mary
      - 7 Sacraments
    - - Eternal Salvation - Heaven
      - Purgatory - Half way between Heaven and Hell, would be sent there so they can be purified of their sins and then go to Heaven
      - Eternal Damnation - Hell - Didn't follow the teachings of the Bible
  - - - Leading people in Churches in England
    - - Operates within area of Archbishops, More day-to-day activities, About 4,000 bishops
    - - Like Pope's advisors, Wear red robes + hat, Most based in Italy with Pope
    - - Each village has a priest, they're responsible for a local area
    - - Only 1, Based in Rome, Nearly always Italian
  - - - Transubstantiation - Belief that the bread and wine transformed into Christ
  - - - The peasants had to pay their tithes in seeds, animals etc which caused hardship as the seeds would be needed to feed family - if they didn't pay tithes their souls would go to Hell
      - You had to pay for baptisms (if you didn't get baptised you couldn't go to Heaven) marriages and funerals
      - Peasants worked for free which was difficult as they could've been working and being paid somewhere else
- - - - 70% of 12 million were peasants
      - Largely illiterate so their lives depended on the seasonal demands of agriculture
  - - - Cologne - 45,000
      - Nuremburg - 38,000
      - Augsburg - 20,000
      - Vienna - 20,000
    - - Augsburg population doubled by 1550 (20,000 to 40,000)