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Task 8 Goal setting + motivation (Study of subconscious on goal setting …
Task 8 Goal setting + motivation
Goals
Goal setting + dimensions
---> the more specific a goal the better!! (SMART GOALS)
level of difficulty
--> hard vs easy
--> smart goals
SMART goals
--> Specific
--> measurable
--> attainable
--> realistic
--> timely
Some evidence for harder goals = higher performance
--> performance increase + higher performance appraisal of ppl (EHHH)
:!!:---> awareness of multiple ways to achieve goal = greater resilience to setbacks!
level of specificity
--> concrete vs abstract goals
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closeness of end state (to current self)
--> near vs distant
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Motivational orientation
--> approach > avoidant
Avoidance
--> increasing distance from undesired endstate
--> less effective (success isn't clearly defined how far from unsidesred state is far enough ? )
--> less effective than approach goals (except for quitting smoking)
-----> reformulate all avoidance goals to approach goals for better effect
Approach
--> reducing distant to desired end state
--> highly effective (success well defined by reaching end state)
Goal type
--> mastery vs performance
mastery (same as learning goals)
--> focused on improving a certain skill
--> short term setbacks = treated as info on how to improve to acquire skill
--> increase self efficacy + more goal striving than performance goals !! (even if individuals fail these goals !)
performance
--> focused on achieving a specific standard (eg. lose 25 pounds)
--> short term setbacks = treated as info on how they are inadequate!!
--> way worse than mastery goals, always choose mastery goals :D !!
Abandonment of goals
--> when faced with conflict either increase efforts or disengage
--> early abandonment because of:
Wrong goal setting
--> wrong reasons
--> conflict with other goals
--> conflict with immediate needs
Inadequate goal striving skills
:!!:Emotions:
--> frustration and anger = increase efforts!!! (its normal when striving for a goal :D!!) :!!:
--> sadness and depression = decrease goal striving + eventual abandonment
Goal striving
--> how to achieve goals that have been set!
2 Challenges
---> can be remedied with below 4 strategies
People must plan and execute the behaviors to achieve their goal
--> insinuates people need to know:
what they can do to achieve goals
when to act to achieve their goals
:!!:---> awareness of multiple ways to achieve goal = greater resilience to setbacks!
Protecting their goals from disruption
--> by conflict with other goals or immediate needs that are not congruent with it (eg. person dieting giving in to cravings)
Strategies
---> promote execution o behaviors to achieve goal
---> protect goals from disruptions (promotes goal attainment indirectly)
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1. Prospection and planning
--> mental imagery of performing planned behavior to achieve goal
students mental imagery that visualized studying = studied more and better grades than students visualizing good grade
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--> mastery (visualizing studying) vs performance goals (higher grades) :) !!!
can also identify potential obstacles + challenges
e.g. at the end of the day to drawn out / exhausted to go to gym, --> move going to gym in the early morning instead to promote healthier living and achieve their goal
can build contingencies for when a challenge encountered that was identified by mental imagery :D !!
2. Automating Behavior
-->
If people work towards goal in specific context, similar context can trigger work towards goal automatically
(eg. students that move schools and did exercises, if context in other school similar = more likely to do exercises
--> protects goals from disruptions too (eg. seeing chocolate cake = reminds of dietary goals, leads to refusal of cake)
Implementation intentions
--> if then relationships (if think about chocolate, eat apple instead)
--> negative ones found no to be effective!! (not not processed :'D!! just makes it more salient)
3. Construal / interpretation
--> peoples perception about their goals change
--> e.g when goal in future = desirable , when in the future = less desirable (eg. wanting to work out but then when time comes your like nah rather netflix and chill)
----> changing interpretation / construal of immediate health goals = positively influences their long term goals :3 !!
------> basically by doing strategy 1 well, you can overcome this by moving it to the morning except for after the work hours
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4. Effortful inhibition
--> about protecting your goals from interference (feelings, actions behavior that go against your goal) :) !!
requires cognitive capacities (system 1 = heuristic vs
system 2 slow deliberate
)
:!:requires motivational resources though:!:
(depleted through effortful inhibiton:3 !!
depletes them at the same time its being used for effortful inhibition (if too depleted inhibition less successful!)
What are Goals?
--> goal = discrepancy between current and end state which motivates ppl to decrease that difference :3!!
--> goal striving = how to achieve the goal !!
--> goal core (difficulty , specificity) --> leads to performance (mediated by the moderators + goal mechanisms) --> satisfaction --> willingness for new goals---> goal moderators
Goal mechanism
--> goals work through 4 mechanism
attention modulation
direct attention toward achieving the goal
energized
high goals = generate more effort by ppl to achieve them as in compared to low goals
persistance
--> when ppl can allocate time they will allocate more time to pursue hard goals compared to low goals !!
(fun fact: There is often, however, a trade-off in work between time and intensity of effort. Faced with a difficult goal, it is possible to work faster and more intensely for a short period or to work more slowly and less intensely for a long period. Tight deadlines lead to a more rapid work pace than loose deadlines in the laboratory (Bryan & Locke, 1967b) as well as in the field (Latham & Locke, 1975).)
generate arousal, discovery, or applying task relevant knowledge
--> ppl automatically use skills they have learned before to achieve goals
--> if automated skills not available they'll use next best skills applicable to context
--> if task completely new they'll plan and come up with new skill to meet goal
--> people with high self efficacy more likely to develop new strategies
--> if task too complex, urging to do best is better than assigning performance goal
--> when people have proper strategies, people with high goal settings = more likely to use them
Moderators
feedback
= needed for people how well they are doing / how far they are form their goal :3 !!
--> in health master task 1 this also part of what increases competence
Goal commitment
--> importance to person to attain goal
--> perceived self efficacy
--> how to improve:
-----> commitment / accountability --> affects importance
-----> giving training + role model / treat the in a way they can treat it --> self efficacy
Task complexity
--> the higher the complexity the higher skill needed
--> strategies not yet automated
--> but also the more complex the task the more strategies people use (bridge to other article info below more strategy = more resilience to setbacks)
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external incentives
Motivation hub
--> assigned goal mediates both self efficacy and personal goal (personal goal also mediated by self efficacy)
---> self efficacy and personal goal together = mediate Performance :) !!
satisfaction (study and graph in article)
ppl who have goal for higher grade =
—> less statisfied as people with lower goals
——> even though people with higher goals = higher performance :p
---> they do it because they want to achieve their life goals of good job etc :P !!
subconscious :D!!
--> link to 3rd article study about subconscious :3 !!
personality
--> conscentiousness ppl = more goal oriented and set higher goals :p !!
increasing competence / self efficacy
= same as competence form health master task 1
Study of subconscious on goal setting :D!!
--> look at abstract all we need :3 !!
also
personality
--> conscentiousness ppl = more goal oriented and set higher goals :p !! (if goal was a learning goal / mastery goal)
--> moderator for subconscious goal performance :D!
-----> IF not high in conscientiousness = primes NO EFFECT / no difference in performance
ppl high in C , primed high, --> set high performance goals performed better
--> than ppl high in C primed with low goals --> set low goals and performed weaker :p
-------> prime affects performance setting and performance !!
roughly know design
---> work it out in better shorter detail :3 !!
experiment 1
--->
directly measured performance
. The first experiment examined the effect on performance of three primes that connote the difficulty levels of a goal in the subconscious. Participants (n 5 91) were randomly assigned to one of three conditions where they were primed with either a photograph of a person lifting 20 pounds (easy goal), 200 pounds (moderately difficult goal), or 400 pounds (difficult goal). Following a filler task, participants were asked to “press as hard as you can” on a digital weight scale. Participants who were primed with the difficult goal exerted more effort than those who were primed with the moderate or easy goal.
experiment 2
--->
first goal setting then measure of performance :D !!
—> find linear relationship between subconscious (priming) and goalsetting (harder goals if primed with harder images :D !!)
The second experiment examined whether choice of goal difficulty level can be primed. Participants (n 5 133) were randomly assigned to one of two conditions. Those primed with a difficult goal consciously chose to set a more difficult goal on a brainstorming task than those who were primed with an eas- ier goal. Similarly, their performance was significantly higher. Conscientious- ness moderated the subconscious goal–performance relationship while the self- set conscious goal partially mediated the subconscious goal–performance relationship.
and how what they say in abstract know what measures they had
IMPORTNAT :!: she explicitly spoke about this in tutorial 1!!
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