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ELECTRONIC CKTS (MULTIVIBRATORS (PRIMARY DEVICES (CAPACITORS, RESISTORS,…

- - - - NO EXTERNAL TRIGGER
    - - EXTERNAL TRIGGER
  - - - NOT CHANGED UNLESS CKT IS DISTURBED
    - - UNCHANGED ONLY FOR A TIME
  - - - FLIP FLOPS
      - STATE
        
        STABLE
        
        NO QUASI-STABLE
    - - FREE-RUNNING
      - STATE
        
        NO STABLE
        
        TWO QUASI-STABLE
    - - SINGLE-SHOT/ONESHOT
      - STATE
        
        ONE QUASI-STABLE
        
        STABLE
- - - - MAYBE A CURRENT, VOLTAGE, MECHANICAL MOTION, OR ANY OTHER SIGNAL
        
        OUTPUT SIGNAL IS SAME NATURE BUT HAS A LARGER AMPLITUDE
  - - - POWER
        
        OUTPUT SIGNAL POWER GREATER THAN INPUT SIGNAL POWER
        
        USED AS FINAL AMPLIFIER
        
        CONTROL OUTPUT DEVICE
        
        LOUDSPEAKER
        
        ATENNA
      - VOLTAGE
        
        OUTPUT SIGNAL VOLTAGE GREATER THAN INPUT SIGNAL VOLTAGE
    - - AUDIO AMPLIFIER
        
        AMPLIFY FREQ RANGE BET 15 Hz - 20 kHz
        
        AUDIO FREQUENCY SPECTRUM
      - RF AMPLIFIER
        
        AMPLIFY FREQ RANGE BET 10 kHz - 100,000 MHz
        
        NO SINGLE AMPLIFIER CAN AMPLIFY THE ENTIRE RF RANGE
      - VIDEO AMPLIFIER
        
        AMPLIFY FREQ RANGE BET 10 Hz - 6 MHz
        
        CALLED WIDE-BAND AMPLIFIER
  - - - MAIN COMPONENT
        
        TRANSISTORS
        
        ELECTRON TUBES
  - - - LOW EFFICIENCY
      - GOOD FIDELITY
      - OUTPUT IS 100% REPLICA OF INPUT SIGNAL
    - - BETTER EFFICIENCY
      - POORER FIDELITY
      - OUTPUT NOT SAME SHAPE AS OUTPUT 51=99% OF INPUT SIGNAL
    - - OPERATE 50% OF INPUT SIGNAL
        
        TWICE AS EFFICIENT COMPARED TO CLASS A
    - - LESS THAN 50% IF INPUT SIGNAL
      - BEST EFFICIENCT
      - WORST FIDELITY
        
        OUTPUT SIGNAL BEARS LITTLE RESEMBLANCE TO INPUT
    - - AMOUNT OF POWER DELIVERED TO OUTPUT COMPARED TO POWER SUPPLIED TO THE CKT
    - - OUTPUT SIGNAL IS JUST LIKE THE INPUT SIGNAL EXCEPT AMPLITUDE
- - - - PARALLEL LC CKT
        
        REPETITIVE EXCHANGE OF ENERGY BETWEEN L AND C
        
        FLYWHEEL EFFECT
        
        PRODUCE AC SIGNAL WHEN EXCITED BY AN EXTERNAL DC SOURCE
      - GENERATE AC SIGNAL
    - - PATH FROM OUTPUT TO INPUT
  - - - PIEZO ELECTRIC CRYSTAL AS RESONANT TANK CKT
      - VERY STABLE
      - TYPES
        
        COLPITTS CRYSTAL
        
        PIERCE CRYSTAL
        
        COLPITTS OSCILLATOR BUT INDUCTOR IS REPLACED BY CRYSTAL
        
        HARTLEY CRYSTAL
      - MATERIALS
        
        TOURMALINE
        
        LEAST PIEZOELECTRIC ACTIVITY
        
        MOST EXPENSIVE
        
        STRONGEST
        
        QUARTZ
        
        MIDWAY BET. ROCHELLE AND TOURMALINE
        
        ROCHELLE
        
        GREATEST PIEZOELECTRIC ACTIVITY
        
        WEAKEST
      - FREQ. DRIFT OF 0.0001% (1 ppm) COMPARED TO 0.8% OF LC
      - VIBRATION
        
        LONGITUDINAL
        
        END TO END
        
        FLEXURAL
        
        BACK AND FORTH
        
        SHEAR
        
        CORNER TO CORNER
        
        THINNER CRYSTAL
        
        HIGHER VIBRATION FREQ.
        
        THICKER CRYSTAL
        
        LOWER VIBRATION FREQ.
      - PIEZOELECTRIC
        
        APPLY VOLTAGE TO FACES OF CRYSTAL TO CAUSE DEFORMATION
        
        ELECTRICAL TO MECHANICAL
        
        GENERATE VOLTAGE BET. OPPOSITE FACES OF CRYSTALS
        
        MECHANICAL TO ELECTRICAL
      - CUT
        
        X-CUT
        
        END TO END
        
        Y-CUT
        
        FACE TO FACE
    - - TYPES
        
        PHASE-SHIFT
        
        THREE RC( LEAD OR LAG) SECTION IN CASCADE
        
        GENERATE LOW-FREQUENCY SINUSOIDAL SIGNALS
        
        WIEN-BRIDGE
        
        ONE LEAD AND ONE LAG
        
        WIDELY USED IN OSCILLATOR CKT SIGNAL GENERATOR
        
        FREQ RANGE 5Hz TO 500kHz
    - - TYPES
        
        COLPITT
        
        USED IN SIGNAL GENERATORS ABOUT 100 kHz TO 500 MHz
        
        CLAPP
        
        VERSION OF COLPITTS
        
        GREATER STABILITY THAN COLPITT AND HARTLEY
        
        HARTLEY
        
        2 INDUCTORS AND 1 CAPACITOR IN FEEDBACK NW
  - - - ELECTRON TUBE
      - MAGNETIC AMPLIFIER
      - TRANSISTOR
  - - - COMPONENTS
- - - - HAROLD STEPHEN BLACK
    - - OVERALL RESPONSE IS VERY CLOSE TO INVERTED FEEDBACK RESPONSE
  - - - TO INPUT
        
        CHANGING PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
        
        ALTERED BY
        
        FEEDBACK SIGNAL
        
        TYPES
        
        NEGATIVE/DEGENERATIVE
        
        4 more items...
        
        POSITIVE/REGENERATIVE
        
        4 more items...
        
        SUCH AS
        
        BANDWIDTH
        
        GAIN
        
        DISTORTION
  - - - OUTPUT CURRENT
    - - OUTPUT VOLTAGE
  - - - CURRENT-SHUNT
      - CURRENT-SERIES
      - VOLTAGE-SHUNT
      - VOLTAGE-SERIES
  - - - TO INPUT SIGNAL
        
        THROUGH
        
        SHUNT
        
        PARALLEL CONNECTIONS OF
        
        AMPLIFIER INPUT TERMINAL
        
        SIGNAL SOURCE
        
        FEEDBACK SIGNAL
        
        SERIES
        
        SERIES CONNECTIONS OF
        
        AMPLIFIER INPUT TERMINAL
        
        SIGNAL SOURCE
        
        FEEDBACK SIGNAL
- - - - LIMITS AMPLITUDE OF OUTPUT SIGNAL
      - CATEGORIES
        
        SERIES
        
        DIODE SERIES WITH LOAD
        
        PARALLEL
        
        DIODE PARALLEL WITH THE LOAD
    - - TOTAL SWING OF TOTAL OUTPUT MUST MATCH THE SWING OF THE INPUT SIGNAL
      - REESTABLISH DC LEVEL OF WAVEFORM
    - - FULL WAVE
        
        TYPES
        
        BRIDGE TYPE
        
        WITH CENTER-TAPPED TRANSFORMER
        
        USES FULL CYCLE OF INPUT SIGNAL
      - AC TO PULSATING DC
      - HALF-WAVE
        
        REMOVING 1/2 CYCLE OF INPUT SIGNAL
      - DIODE AS RECTIFIER DEVICE
    - - CONVERTS AC ELECTRICAL POWER FROM LOWER TO A HIGHER DC VOLTAGE
        
        TYPES
        
        VOLTAGE DOUBLER
        
        HALF-WAVE
        
        FULL-WAVE
        
        AC VOLTAGE INPUT
        
        DOUBLED DC VOLTAGE OUTPUT
        
        VOLTAGE TRIPLER
        
        HALF-WAVE SERIES/VILLARD CASCADE
        
        INVENTED
        
        HEINRICH GREINACHER
        
        MOST COMMON TYPE
        
        VOLTAGE QUADRUPLER
        
        GENERATE FEW VOLTS
        
        ELECTRONIC APPLIANCES
        
        GENERATE MILLION VOLTS
        
        HIGH-ENERGY PHYSICS
        
        LIGHTNING SAFETY TESTS
  - - - MATCHES ARROW IN THE DIODE SYMBOL
- - - - CHANGES AC TO PULSATING DC
      - TYPE
        
        HALF-WAVE
        
        FULL-WAVE
        
        BRIDGE TYPE
        
        CENTER-TAPPED
      - USES DIODE AS RECTIFYING DEVICE
    - - KEEP RIPPLE OUT FROM THE OUTPUT
      - CONVERTS PULSATING DC
        
        SMOOTH DC LEVEL
      - TYPES
        
        CAPACITANCE
        
        SIMPLEST
        
        CHEAPER
        
        RC
        
        FURTHER REDUCE AMOUNT OF RIPPLE VOLTAGE
    - - TRANSFER ELECTRICAL ENERGY
        
        WITHOUT ALTERING FREQUENCY
        
        PRIMARY TO SECONDARY WINDING
      - PRIMARY WINDING
        
        CONNECTED TO AC SOURCE
      - WORKS DUE TO ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
        
        FARADAY'S LAW
      - SECONDARY WINDING
        
        CONNECTED TO LOAD
      - STEP-UP OR STEP-DOWN AC VOLTAGE LEVEL
      - MAIN FUNCTION
        
        STEPPING VOLTAGE DOWN
        
        STEPPING VOLTAGE UP
        
        ISOLATION
    - - TYPES
        
        ADJUSTABLE VOLTAGE
        
        USER CAN SET OUTPUT VOLTAGE TO A DESIRED VALUE
        
        IC VOLTAGE
        
        IC UNIT CONTAINS VOLTAGE REGULATOR
        
        SERIES VOLTAGE
        
        SHUNT VOLTAGE
      - STABILITY FACTOR (S)
        
        RISE IN RECTIFIER VOLTAGE DUE TO
        
        VARIATION OF CURRENT DUE TO LOAD
        
        CHANGE IN INPUT AC VOLTAGE
      - PROVIDES A VERY STEADY WELL REGULATED DC OUTPUT
  - - - DC VOLTAGE