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Civil Society (Theories of CS (Socrates: dialectic, necessity of public…
Civil Society
Theories of CS
Socrates: dialectic, necessity of public argument
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Rousseau and Kant: rational human beings, no need for absolute authority/ control; criticizes feudal "morality"
Hobbes: social contract theory, introduces the idea of a strong, authoritarian state; criticizes feudal "power"
Ferguson: writes "The history of CS", individual freedom to overcome the corrupt feudal state
Hegel:primacy of the state; CS in between family and state, focus on economic activities
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Michels criticizes Iron Law of Oligarchy, aslo in CS
Putnam CS important: creates social capital through norms, trust and networks; TV --> civic disengagement
Rex primacy of the state, CS belonging to private sphere, independent public sphere to create social order and avoid war of all against all
Social Movements
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types of movement
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Conservative: preventing change, restoring values
Expressionist: behavioral change, leading by example
ways of mobilizing people: campaigns, protests, identity creation
Types of action: publicity, opposition, violence
new and old SMs
old social movements
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market economy, industrialization, , mass media, urbanization, parliamentarism as context
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new social movements
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after WW II, involves middle class rather than lower class
more networking, less hierachical
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Interest Groups
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versions:
corporatism
state deals with a small number of influential IGs (trade unions, associations of entrepreneurs etc), consults them before taking decisions
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Pluralism
no IG privileged, large number of IGs, competition between IGs for attention and influence; no seperate institutions for IG involvement
classification of IGs
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non-associated: common interests, but not organized
associated: e.g. professional organizations, promotion and protection of the represented interest
institutional: churches, universities...
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Schools of CS
Neo-Tocqueville
representatives
Kaufman, Putnam, Chambers, Kymlicka
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Inclusion of the CS
Dryzek: CS should only be included in government if it fulfills prerequisites (connection to state interest; remaining CS is not harmed)
Lijphart:
consocional democracy: inclusion of various groups --> more stability; big coalition
danger of cooptation if state and CS group interest are not the same