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Changing cities (Urbanisation (Megacities (A metropolitan area with a…
Changing cities
Urbanisation
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Throughout the world there has been rapid urbanisation across the world in the last 50 years - around 50% live in towns and cities
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Industrialisation - The process by which an economy is transformed from being based on agriculture to being based on manufacturing goods
Megacities
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Conurbation - An extended urban area, consisting of several towns merged with the suburbs of a central city
Few megacities in North and South America, as well as Africa. Asia contains many megacities, mainly found in China, India and Japan. Europe has some megacities.
More megacities in Asia as more people have moved to Asia, and the cities are very dense and populated, with not many people living in the country
Fewer megacities in Europe and America as there are better transport links, so people live in the country where housing is cheaper and commute to work
Most megacities are near the coast as trading and importing is easier, quicker and cheaper
Rapid urban growth
Slum - An urban settlement in which over 50% of the inhabitants lack:
- Durable housing
- Sufficient living area
- Improved water supply
- Secure ownership of housing
- Sanitation
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Inequality - Extreme differences between poverty and wealth, as well as in people's well being and access things like jobs, housing and education
Some of the worst conditions occur in shanty towns - located on the edge of the city, near the CBD or along main transport routes
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Urban land use
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Brownfield site
Where industry has moved out of urban areas due to deindustrialisation, which often leaves behind derelict land
Greenfield site
Situated on the outskirts of urban areas which have not yet been developed previously but are now being built on. This has lead to urban sprawl and new gated suburbs
Urban issues
Deprivation - where a person's quality of life falls below a level that is regarded as the acceptable minimum by the government
Spiral of deprivation
An area falls into decline through a series of events, and then an industry shuts down and moves out of the area, which leads to loss of jobs, so an increase in unemployment
Increasing unemployment means an decreasing income levels, which can lead to crime, and a decrease in disposable income
As crime increases people want to move away, so they sell their houses cheaply, which leads to a drop in house prices, so you can no longer get a profit from selling your house
Decreasing income levels also lead to a decrease in disposable income, so there is less spending, so less tax, so the government has to shut down services as they aren't making as much money
Decreased spending also leads to businesses shutting down, which increases levels of deindustrialisation, which starts the process again
All of this leads to environmental degradation, so more waste and pollution, which can increase the effect of global warming
Transport routes also shut down as less tax is paid, so the government has less money to spent, leading to cuts in all areas funded by the government, generally decreasing standard of living and quality of life