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Crime and Punishment 18th and 19th century (crimes (smuggling (brought in…
Crime and Punishment 18th and 19th century
policing
before 1829
parish constables
for minor disorders
army
used for riots
watchmen
very ineffective as low pay so took bribes
Bow St. Runners
set up to patrol streets of London
Peelers and the Met
Robert Peel
was the home secretary, gathered research, persuasive speeches and
gained power
the
government
were more involved and
local authorities
given power to raise money for it
increased
fear of crime
after French war there was an unemployment problem
fear of
protests
growth in London population
meant that old methods were ineffective and fear of crime was highest
1884
-
39,000 police
in over 200 different forces
crimes
poachers
often seen as a
social crime
1723
-
Black Act
made it a capital crime
fair
organised gangs made
high profit
on the black market
some used
violence
on the animals
unfair
only
landowners
with lots of land and money could hunt
poaching made up for
poor wages
they often protected each other (alibis)
smuggling
brought in luxury goods
without paying tax
on them
hard to get rid of because of
fear, attitudes, benefits
and
organised gangs
government misters smuggled wine
could earn
6 or 7 times
the daily average
6 million pounds in weight smuggled in every year
highwaymen
started in
civil war
(1642 - 9)
concerned authorities as it
disrupted trade
and has a
romanticised image
but reality was very
violent
growth
cheaper horses, handguns cheaper,
rough roads
forcing coaches to slow down,
no police worked for their county
, after war people
struggled to find work
decline
mounted
patrols
set up, remote areas built on,
road surfacing improved,
banking system improved
laws
the bloody code
abolished in
1820s
Robert Peel
- home secretary who pushed for reforms
juries unwilling to convict
so people more encouraged to commit crime
public executions to
difficult to manage
- riots, crowd helping criminals escape
ides
about punishment
changed
new punishments
- transportation and prisons
the tolpuddle martyrs
French revolution in 1789
scared goverment
feared unions which challenged authority of wealthy
1833 -4
- Dorset farm labourers set up
society
with oath of secrecy sworn
law used to prosecute them was originally for sailors mutiny
arrested
and
transported
to Australia for 7 years which caused huge
protests
and
250,000 signed a petition
march 1836
- all were pardoned and returned as the
gov. felt threatened
punishments
transportation
was first to America but after 1770s Austraila
against
1810
- Lord Chief Justice called it a
summer excursion,
gold rush meant people wanted to go,
higher wages
in Australia by 1830s, only minority chose to return,
expensive
, by 1830s it cost
£1/2 million every year
for
good
deterrent
, had to work until ship ready,
voyage unpleasant
, if guilty of more crimes they got
harsher treatment
, good conduct meant a ticket of leave but if returned without one they would die
prisons
old system - all prisoners together, wardens unpaid
1st reforms
Robert Peel
-
1823 Gaols act
meant wardens got paid, healthy condition, separate prisoners, religious teaching
John Howard
- published report in 1777 which had his recommendations included in the act
Elizabeth Fry
- visited Newgate and saw women taking clothes for a new baby fro a dead one, set up a school in the prison, better conditions for women, influenced the act
separate system
- Pentonville was the first, nearly all the time in
solitary
to stop influence of others, in first 8 years
22 went mad, 26 break down and 3 suicides
silent system
- harsher conditions, silent at all times, hard labour, bread and water
why change? - more common, reform rather than terrify