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ATP (Roles (Provides necessary energy for cellular activity., movement-…
ATP
Roles
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Active transport- to change the shape of carrier proteins in membranes and allow molecules or ions to be moved against a concentration gradient.
Nerve transmission- sodium potassium pumps actively transport sodium and potassium ions across the axon membrane.
Metabolic processes- to build large complex molecules from smaller molecules, such as DNA synthesis from nucleotides.
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Supplier of energy
Only 1 enzyme is needed to release energy from ATP, but many are needed to release energy from glucose.
ATP releases energy in small amounts, when and where it is needed, but glucose contains large amounts of energy which would be released all at once.
The hydrolysis of ATP to ADP involves a single reaction that releases energy immediately. The breakdown of glucose involves many intermediates and takes longer for energy to be released.
ATP provides an common source of energy for many different chemical reactions, increasing efficiency and control by the cell.
Energy
When energy is needed in living organisms, the enzyme ATPase hydrolyses the bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups in ATP, removing the 3rd phosphate groups leaving only 2. The ATP molecule is hydrolysed into ADP and an inorganic phosphate ion.
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ATP transfers free energy from energy-rich compounds (glucose) to cellular reactions where it is needed.
Structure
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Contains the base adenine, the sugar ribose and 3 phosphate groups.