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Identity (Types of cultural identity (Personal (Social class (income,…

- - - - income, occupation...
    - - sense of self, relation of nature, universe...
    - - young, old
  - - - skin color, hair texture, eye shape
- - - - Cultural identity search
        
        Exploration and questioning about one`s culture
    - - Cultural identity achievement
        
        A clear, confident acceptance of oneself and an internalization of one`s cultural identuty
    - - unexamined cultural identity stage
        
        No awareness of cultural differences and the distinguish characteristics that differentiate different cultures
- - - - The driving force behind a critical approach is the attempt to understand identity formation within the contexts of history, economics, politics, and discourse
      - The identities that others may ascribe to us are socially and politically determined. They are not constructed by the self alone
      - Pays particular attention to the societal structures and institutions that constrain identities and are often the root of in justice and oppression
      - Interpellation
        
        The process by which one is pulled into the social forces that place people into a specific identity
    - - Emphasizes that identity is created in part by the self in part in relation to group membership
      - The self is composed of multiple identities and these notions of identity are culture bound
      - Cross-Cultural Perspectives
        
        Some cultures encourage young people to develop a strong sense of identity
        
        reflects an emphasis on the cultural value of individualism
        
        Other cultures
        
        Emphasis on the collectivist notion of self
      - Three universal aspects of identity
        
        Familial identity
        
        The sense of self as always connected to family and others
        
        Spiritual identity
        
        Identification with feelings of connectedness to others and higher meanings in life
        
        Individualized identity
        
        The sense of self as independent and self-reliant and sharp distinction between the self and others
    - - Emphasizes that identities are negotiated, co-created, reinforces, and challenged through communication with others
      - Ascription
        
        The process by which others attribute identities to them
      - Avowal
        
        The process by which others attribute identities to them
      - Core Symbol
        
        Tell us about the fundamental beliefs and the central concepts that define a particular identity
- - - - generalization
    - - negative attitude
    - - beliefs, values, norms
    - - behavioral manifestation of prejudice
- - - - Conformity
        
        internalization of values and norms of dominant group to assimilate into the dominant culture
      - Resistance and separation
        
        characterized by a blanket endorsement of one`s group and all the values attributed to the group
      - Unexamined identity
        
        lack of exploration of identity
      - Integration
        
        the ideal outcome of the identity development process is the final stage- an achieved identity
  - - - Resistance
        
        move from blaming minority members for their condition to naming and blaming their own dominant group as a source of problem
        
        characterized by embarrassment by one`s own privileged position
      - redefinition
        
        people begin to refocus their energy toward redefining their identity in a way that recognizes their privilege
      - acceptance
        
        conscious or unconscious of a racist ideology
        
        they avoid contact somewhat with minority groups
        
        they adopt a patronizing stance toward them
        
        both position are possible at the same time
      - Integration
        
        individuals able to internalize their increased conciousness and integrate their majority identities into all other facets of their identity
      - Unexamined identity
        
        same as minority identities
- - - - It means that culture is passed on via communication and communication reflects ones culture