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Biology (Evolution (Evidence (Comparative Anatomy (What is it: The study…

- - - - Genetic drift
        
        A change in the gene pool of a population due to chance. There are two types of effects of genetic drift
        
        Founder Effect: Genetic drift forces a large group of the population to emigrate, forming a new population/specie. (example: Darwin's Finches on the Galapagos Island)
        
        Adaptive Radiation
        
        Bottle Neck:
        After genetic drift, only some of the population survives (if they survive), creating a much lower genetic diversity- change in the allele frequency.
      - Change in allele frequency
        
        Hardy-Weinberg equation The Hardy-Weinberg equation is an equation used to test whether a population is evolving or not. Basically, to see if natural selection is taking place or not.
        
        Conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium:
        
        1 Large population
        
        2 No gene flow between the populations (No emigration/immigration)
        
        3 No mutations
        
        4 Random mating
        
        5 No Natural Selection
      - Gene flow between populations
    - - History of "LIFE"
  - - - What is it:
        The study of similar and different anatomical characteristics between species
        
        Common Ancestor
        
        Homologous structures
        
        Species that have similar structures with different functions
        
        Common ancestors
        
        Pentadycyl limbs
        
        Vestigial structures
        
        "Left-over" structures, structures that served purposes for distant ancestors
        Example legs of whales.
        
        Analogous structures
        
        Species that have evolved similiraties independantly due to habitat and surroundings (Ecology & Niches)
        Evolutionary adaption to solve the same problem at different times.
    - - What is it:
        Study of biology in relation with geography.
        The distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and time.
        
        Historical
        
        Ecology
        
        Evidence:
        
        Marsupial mammals in Australia
        
        Fossils
    - - Sequence homology (DNA;RNA;AMINO ACID) shared with all organisms on earth
        
        Strongest proof for evolution (Macroevolution)
        
        CRISPER,
        
        BIOLOGICAL CLOCKS,
        
        GENETIC SEQUENCES
  - - - Prezygotic barrier: Prevents species to mate
        
        Temporal Isolation--Can not mate due to different times of activity
        
        Behavior isolation-- The sexual attraction between the species is small or none
        
        Habitat isolation-- The species lives in different habitats
        
        Mechanical isolation-- Cannot mate due to different structures of specie (e.g size)
        
        Gametic isolation--Male/Female Gametes cannot unite between species
        
        Ecological isolation--Population living on the same ecosystem but have different niches.
      - Postzygotic
        
        Hybrid Inviability-- Hybrids fail to develop or reach sexual maturity
        
        Hybrid Sterility-- Hybrids can not produce functional gametes (sexual cells)
        
        Hybrid Breakdown-- The offspring of hybrids are/become weak and become infertile
    - - Allopatric speciation
      - Sympatric speciation
- - - - Controlled methods
        
        Independant and Dependant variables
        
        Conclusion
- - - - Matter atoms is limited. We have the same amount of matter as in the beginning. The matter has to be able to undergo a cycle, there are 3 major cycles in ecology
        1.Carbon Cycle
        2.Nitrogen Cycle
        3.Water Cycle
        
        Carbon Cycle:
        
        Nitrogen Cycle:
        
        Water Cycle
    - - Energy flows - Finite - Lost through heat
      - Biomass pyramids
        
        trophic levels
        
        Heterotrophs (Consumers)
        
        Autotrophs (Producers)
- - - - Leading & Lagging strand
        
        Okazaki fragment
    - - Codons
      - Introns and extrons
    - - Transciption
      - Translation
    - - Chromosome mutation
        
        Non-disjunction (failure of chromosome to segregate during meiosis)
      - Point Mutation
        
        Insertion
        
        Deletion
        
        Substitution
  - - - Interphase
        
        Meiosis
        
        Gametes
        
        Meiosis 1
        
        Prophase 1
        
        Metaphase 1
        
        Anaphase 1
        
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        Mitosis
        
        Prophase
        
        Metaphase
        
        Anaphase
        
        Telophase