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Large and Fast: Exploiting Memory Hierarchy (virtual memory (physical…
Large and Fast: Exploiting Memory Hierarchy
basic
temporal locality
spatial locality
memory hierarchy
block (or line)
hit rate, miss rate, hit time, miss penalty
memory technologies
SRAM
DRAM
Flah Memory
Disk Memory
track
sector
seek
rotational latency(rotational delay)
Caches
direct-mapped cache
tag
valid bit
accessig a cache
tag field
cache index
handling cache misses
cache miss
handling writes
write-throuh
write buffer
write-back
cache performance
fully associative cahe
set-associative cache
locating a block in the cache
choosing which block to replace
least recently used(LRU)
reducing the miss penalty using multilevel caches
software optimization via blocking
global miss rate
local miss rate
dependable memory hiearchy
error detection code
virtual machines
managing software
managing hardware
virtual memory
physical address
potection
page fault
virtual address
address translation(address mapping)
page table
swap space
translation-lookaside buffer(TLB)
virtually addressed cache
aliasing
physically addressed cache
supervisor mode(kernal mode), system call
resartable instruction, handler, unmapped
a common framework fr memory hierarchy
where can a block be placed?
One place (direct mapped), a few places (sest associative), or any place (fully associaticve).
how is a block found?
4 methods: indexing (as in a direct-mapped cache), limited search (as in a set-associative cache), full search(a in a fully associative cache), and a separate lookup table (as in a page table).
which block should be replaced on a cache miss?
Typically, either the least recently used or a rndom block.
what happens on a write?
Each level in the hierarchy can use either write-through or write-back.
three Cs: an intuitive model for understanding the behavior of memor hierarchies
compulsory misses
capacity mises
conflct misses (collision misses)
using a finite-state machine to control a simple cache
next-state function
FSM
Idle
compare tag
write-back
allocate
parallelism & memory hierarchy: cache coherence
enforcing coherence
migration
replication