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Rogers/Bender: Evaluation of Malingering & Response Styles (Response…
Rogers/Bender: Evaluation of Malingering & Response Styles
Influences on response style
Internal
Fear of stigmatization (disability or mental illness)
Reactions to questioned credibility
Effects of genuine D/O
External
Family Members
Attorneys
Response styles
Malingering
Misassumptions
Malingering is rare
malingering is common
Cut-off scores accurately predict feigning
Considerable likelihood of a "false positive" when score is within 1 SEM
Consider "false positive" & "false negative" rates
DSM-IV-TR provides a diagnosis of malingering (this is false)
No, it is listed as a V-code, a condition or focus of clinical attention
Antisocial Personality D/O is evidence of malingering
Empirical Issues
No 1 research design is effective in validating a response style measure :red_flag: Best to used a combination of the listed studies
varied methods
Simulation design
controlled experiment, with participants instructed to fake, need a control, feigning group, and a clinical group
good "internal validity" poor external validity
Known-group comparisons
involves "malingers" being identified by a validated criterion measure
compare the "known" group to a clinical group on the measure and scores
Bootstrapping comparisons
Incremental validity is an accuracy term, whereas increased confidence is a qualitative impression
Convergent and divergent findings
If one were to receive disparate scores, examine the accuracy of both instruments, one may be far superior to its counterpart
failure on one test of effort, amongst a battery, is not proof positive of malingering (referred to as "falling through the ice"
Defensiveness
Irrelevant responding
Feigning
Hybrid
What about indeterminate classification like the SIRS
This is really saying "too close to call" without the possibility of substantial errors
The above reasoning is why such scores are not listed in the utility classification scores
Detection Strategies
Rare symptoms (infrequently reported by clinical populations)
Example: visual hallucinations, possible symptom, but quite rare
Improbable symptoms
(fantastic property/quality)
example: one's visual perception spontaneously turning to black & white
can be thought of as an extreme of "rare symptoms"
Symptom combination
The pairing of implausible symptoms( ie hypomania & increased sleep)
Erroneous stereotypes
Misconceptions the public has about mental illness
Amplified strategies (as oppose to unlikely strategy above)
Symptom severity
High reporting of unbearable symptoms
Indiscriminant symptom endorsement
saying "yes" to all symptoms (a "more is better" approach
Obvious vs. subtle symptoms
Featured Measures/Tests
MMPI-2/MMPI-RF
MMPI-2
Fp (infrequent psychopathology) a good measure that uses rare symptom approach to feigning (has narrower range of cut scores)
Fake Bad Scale was not very impressive /scores were similar for feigners and genuine patients
MMPI-2 RF
Standard Errors of Measurement
neither instrument uses an "unclassified group" which would be the unclear realm for scores hanging around the "cut-off"
PAI
non-overlapping validity scales (as compared to the MMPI-2)
relatively uniform cut scores across scales
Negative Impression Management (NIM) is based on rare symptoms,
MAL Index - based on spurious patterns of mental illness
Rogers Discriminant Functioning
Weak data and should be avoided
SIRS/SIRS-2