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Antioxidants (Vitamins (Fat Soluble (Vitamin E (Food Source ((plant foods)…

- - - - Deficiency
        
        Whom is at greatest risk?
        
        Preterm Infants
        
        Low stores= increased need for growth.
      - Toxicity
        
        causes
        
        Inappropriate supplement use
      - Role
        
        Neutralizes free radicals in cell membranes from oxidation damage.
        
        Protects cellular, nuclear, and mitochondrial membranes
        
        Non-antioxidant roles
        
        Reduces platelet aggregation
        
        Iron metabolism
        
        Immune function - protects WBCs
      - Food Source
        
        (plant foods)
        
        plant oils
        
        nuts/seeds
        
        whole grains
        
        peanut butter
        
        small amounts in egg yolk and liver
        
        Stability in food preparation
        
        Readily destroyed by heat or when exposed to oxygen, metals or light.
        
        Strategies to minimize nutrient loss
        
        Decrease exposure to oxygen, metal or light
        
        Store oils in cool, dark cupboards
        
        Decrease high heat methods of preperation
    - - Retinoids
        
        Retinol
        
        Source
        
        Animal Foods
        
        Protein-rich foods
        
        Deficiency
        
        Symptoms: Takes 1-2 years to see changes
        
        Growth, development, reproduction
        
        Animals cannot reproduce
        
        Children cannot grow
        
        Reduce mucous production
        
        Decrease absorption in intestines
        
        Vision
        
        Night Blindness
        
        Dry Eyes (xerophthalmia)
        
        Increased risk of infection
        
        Ex. Children living in developing countries
        are more susceptible to measles
        
        Low retinol intake increases risk of heart disease and cancer
        
        Toxicity
        
        Acute Toxicity
        
        Single, large dose
        
        Chronic Toxicity
        
        Regular intake 10x DRI over a period of time
        
        Teratogenic Toxicity
        
        Supplemental vitamin A intake during pregnancy
        
        Symptoms
        
        Loss of appetite, nausea, headaches, dry skin, enlarged liver, bone defects, reduced bone density, trouble sleeping
        
        Function
        
        Antioxidant Roles
        
        Protects low density lipoprotein
        
        Reduces the risk for cancer and atherosclerosis #
        
        Quenches free radicals
        
        Non-antioxidant Roles
        
        Skin
        
        Protects against sun damage
        
        Eyes
        
        Protects against age related degeneration
        
        Immune System
        
        Anti-inflammatory at moderate doses
        
        Pro-inflammatory at higher doses
        
        Most active form of vitamin A in the human body
      - Carotenoids
        
        Beta-Carotene
        
        Source
        
        Plant Foods
        
        Green and orange vegetables, red and orange fruit, fortified margarine and breakfast cereals
        
        Toxicity
        
        Symptoms: Unknown
        
        Hypercarotenmia
        
        Not Harmful
        
        Turns fat under the skin yellow
        
        Function
        
        Non-antioxidant Roles
        
        Vision
        
        The cornea, rods and cones requires vitamin A
        
        Fights infections
        
        Produces immune cells
        
        Protects eyes, skin, lungs, the urinary tract, and many more from infections
        
        Growth, Development, Reproduction
        
        Antioxidant Roles
        
        Neutralizes free radicals
        (especially lipids in cell membrane
        and low density lipoprotein (LDL)
        
        Reduces the risk for cancer and atherosclerosis
        
        Deficiency
        
        Vision
        
        Night blindness
        
        Dry eyes
        
        Growth
        
        Children fail to grow properly
        
        Early deficiency can lead to abnormal bone growth
  - - - Deficiency
        
        At risk
        
        Alcoholics
        
        Smokers
        
        RDA +35mg/day
        
        Combats free radical damage due to tobacco oxidants
        
        Burn victims
        
        Symptoms
        
        Scurvy
        
        Petechaie: pinpoint hemorrhage on face and limbs
        
        Widespread tissue breakdown
      - Toxicity
        
        Consequences
        
        Megadose (-> 10X DRI)
        
        Linus Pauling
        
        Excess vitamin C excreted in urine
        
        Can lead to diarrhea
        
        Pro-oxidant
        
        Can release iron from storage protein.
        
        Free iron can cause cellular damage and act like a free radical
        
        Re-bound Scurvy
        
        High intakes of vitamin C abruptly reduced
        
        Kidney stones
        
        Kidneys must concentrate urine to get rid of excess
      - Food Source
        
        Plant foods
        
        Fruits: e.g. citrus fruit, kiwi, berries, tomatoes
        
        Vegetables: e.g. bell peppers, broccoli
        
        .
        
        Stability in food preparation
        
        Easily lost in processing and cooking
        
        Strategies to minimize nutrient loss
        
        Decrease exposure of cut surface to air
        
        Decrease exposure to baking soda in cooking
        
        Decrease excessive heat exposure
        
        Consume fresh fruit and vegetables as much as possible
      - Role
        
        Antioxidant functions
        
        Both the reduced and oxidized forms of vitamin C are stable
        
        Can readily donate H atoms to electron-deficient species while maintaining stability
        
        Excess excreted in urine
        
        Primarily acts as reducing agent for electron donation
        
        Protects low density lipoprotein and lung membrane from oxidation
        
        Non antioxidant functions
        
        Collagen synthesis
        
        Maintains integrity of many tissue types
        
        Maintains red blood cell membrane integrity
        
        Important for iron metabolism
        
        Maintains white blood cell integrity
        
        Nerve and immune system maintenance
      - Has 2 forms
        
        Reduced form: Ascorbic Acid
        
        Oxidized form: Dehydroascorbic Acid
- - - - Antioxidant Functions
        
        Reduces # of peroxyl free radical species
        
        Spares vitamin E use by reducing the number of free radicals for vitamin E to neutralize
        #
      - Non Antioxidant Functions
        
        Thyroid Hormone: Convert T4 to T3
        
        Regulates BMR, growth, development, and body temperature
    - - Cause
        
        Supplement use only (>1 mg/day).
    - - Uncommon in North America
        
        why?
        
        Seen in areas where people consume mostly local foods grown on selenium depleted soil
    - - Proteins in plant and animal foods
        
        grains and seeds
        
        milk
        
        eggs
        
        shellfish
        
        fish
        
        meats
      - Stability in food preparation
        
        Not a concern/ stable