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Pragmatics (pragmatic types of sentences (Pocheptsov) (question - what'…
Pragmatics
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politeness - forms of behavior to maintain comity, harmonious interaction (maxims by G. Leech)
approbation maxim (expressives/representatives) - minimise dispraise of other, maximise praise of other
modesty maxim (expressives/representatives) - minimise praise of self, maximise dispraise of self
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agreement maxim (representatives) - minimise disagreement and maximise agreement between self and other
tact maxim (directives/commissives) - minimise cost to other, maximise benefit to other
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deixis refers to the world outside a text, ways of encoding and interpretating context of the utterance (markers by Stephen Levinson)
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cooperative principle is how people try to make themselves understood following conversational maxims (Paul Grice, Gricean maxims)
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quality - speakers should be truthful, making no false statements or ones with no evidence
manner - clear, orderly, brief, no ambiguity
speech act theory
Illocutionary - real actions performed by the utterance, saying=doing
representatives - assertion to be true or false (affirm, believe, deny, conclude, report)
directives - making a hearer do smth (ask, beg, challenge, command, dare, invite, insist, request)
commissives - commitment of the speaker to a (future) course of actions (guarantee, pledge, promise, swear, vow, warrant)
expressives - attitude to the state of affairs (apologise, appreciate, congratulate, detest, deplore, regret, thank, welcome)
declarations - external status or condition alteration of objects or situations (pronounce you man and wife, sentence to death, name a ship)
Perlocutionary speech acts - effects of the utterance on the listener (acceptance, welcome, warning)
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conversational implicature - interpretation of complete messages, when speakers mean more than they say (Paul Grice)
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systematic way of explaining language use in context (meaning not found in semantics, plain sense of words)