A non-communicable disease cannot be passed from one individual to another.

Risk factors are aspects of a person's lifestyle, or substance present in a person's body or environment, that have been shown to be linked to an increased rate of disease.

The stomach: involved in digestion of food, contains:
Muscular tissue: churn food
Glandular tissue: produce digestive juices and enzymes
Epithelial tissue: covers the inside and outside of the organ

Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to respire. It includes converting light energy into into chemical energy which is then stored as carbohydrates. During the process, carbon dioxide and water are formed, this is how plants keep a ready flow of water through the plant. Water is evaporated through the stomata. They get raw materials and energy from photosynthesis, it is an endothermic reaction. oxygen, glucose, carbon dioxide and water are all reactants or products of the reaction photosynthesis

For some non-communicable diseases, a casual mechanism for some risk factors have been proven, but not in others.

If a pathogen enters the body the immune system tries to destroy the pathogen.

Vaccination involves introducing small amounts of dead or inactive forms of a pathogen into your body to stimulate the white blood cells to produce antibodies.

Vaccinations.

limiting factors of photosynthesis include carbon dioxide concentration, temperature, light intensity The rate of photosynthesis may be affected by light intensity, temperature, level of carbon dioxide, and the amount of chlorophyll. )

Painkillers and other medicines treat the symptoms of disease but do not kill the pathogens that cause it .

Benign and malignant tumors result from abnormal, uncontrollable cell division

Benign tumors form in place and do not spread to other tissues.

how plants use the glucose they make

the extra materials that plant cells need to produce proteins

some practical tests for starch, sugars, and proteins.

Malignant tumour cells are cancers. They invade neighboring tissues and may spread to different parts of the body in the blood where they form secondary tumours.

Antibiotics cure bacterial diseases by killing the bacterial pathogens inside your body.

Starch is a long molecule made of many repeating untis of glucose. Why do plants store glucose in their cells as starch?

Test leaves that have been kept in the light and the dark for starch. Before you start, read the method and write down any potential hazards and how to minimise risk.

Lifestyle risk factors for various types of cancer include smoking, obesity, common viruses, and UV exposure. There are also genetic risk factors for some cancers.

Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and glucose to release energy

When you exercise oxygen and glucose is used up by your muscles. Carbon dioxide and water are the products of the aerobic respiration that is carried out in your body during exercise. Your heart and breathing rate increase to keep up with the demands of the cells.

Plant and algal cells use the glucose produced during photosynthesis for respiration, to convert into insoluble starch for storage, to produce fats or oils for storage, to produce cellulose to strengthen cell walls, and to produce amino acids for protein synthesis.
Plants and algal cells also need nitrate ions absorbed from the soil or water to make the amino acids used to make proteins.

Smoking can cause cardiovascular disease including coronary heart disease, lung cancer, and lung diseases such as bronchitis and COPD.

A fetus exposed to smoke has restricted oxygen, which can lead to premature birth, low birth weight, and even stillbirth.

Physical and mental health such as bad physical health leading to depression

Diet affects your risk of developing cardiovascular and other diseases directly through cholesterol levels and indirectly through obesity.

The use of antibiotics has greatly reduced deaths form infectious diseases.

Exercise levels affect the likelihood of developing cardiovascular disease. Obesity is a strong risk of type 2 diabetes.

The emergence of strains of bacteria resistant to antibiotics is a matter of great concern.

(Carcinogens) Alcohol can damage the liver and cause cirrhosis and liver cancer. Brain damage, death.

Physical plant defenses against invasion by microorganism s include cellulose cell walls, tough waxy cuticles, and layers of bark or dead cells (or dead leaves) which fall off.

Carbon dioxide is converted into sugars in a process called carbon fixation; photosynthesis gets the energy from sunlight and converts in to carbon dioxide. Carbon fixation is an endothermic reaction :

Muscles become fatigued during long periods of vigorous activity. This means that they stop contracting efficiently. One cause of this is the build-up of lactic acid in the muscles from anaerobic respiration. The lactic acid is removed from the muscles by blood flowing through them. This pays off the oxygen debt.

Chemical plant defenses include antibacterial chemiclas and poisons to deter herbivores.

you sterilise the inoculating loop before use and fix the lid of the petri dish to prevent micro-organisms getting in

Many plants have mechanical adaptations against herbivores such as thorns and hairs, leaves that droop or curl when touched and mimicry to rick animals.

New medical drugs are extensively tested for efficacy, toxicity and dosage.

Plants can be infected by a range of viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens as well as insect pests.

Metabolic reactions include: conversion of glucose to starch, glycogen and cellulose, the reactions of respiration, and the reactions of photosynthesis as well as many others.

New drugs are tested in the laboratory on cells, tissues and live animals.

Plants can be damaged by a range of ion deficiency conditions.

Plant diseases can be detected by a range of symptoms and identified in a number of ways, including gardening manuals and laboratory tests, some involving monoclonal antibodies

Clinical trials use healthy volunteers and patients to test their drugs.

They have different functions:
~ structural components of tissues e.g. muscles, tendons
~ hormones e.g. insulin
~ antibodies
~ enzymes

Monoclonal antibodies are produced from a single clone of cells Each type is specific to one binding site on a specific protein antigen so they can target specific cells in the body or specific chemicals.

Monoclonal antibodies are produced by stimulating mouse lymphocytes to make a specific antibody. Large amounts of the specific monoclonal antibody can be collected and purified.