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Sociological Theories and Perspectives (Max Weber (Social action and…
Sociological Theories
and Perspectives
Structural Functionalism
Talcott
Parsons
Unit act
AGIL paradigm
Adaptation
Goal attainment
Integration
Latent pattern maintainance
Robert
Merton
Function
Manifest
Overt/Intended purpose of action
Latent
Implicit/Unintended purpose of action
Dysfunctional
Undercuts/Mitigates against effective adaptation/survival of a given system
Anomie
Aspiration outpaces achievement
Acceptance of
cultural goals
vs
availability of
institutionalised means
Mode of
individual adaptation
Conformity
Goals + | Means +
Work hard to meet ends and means, upper/upper-middle class
Innovation
Goals + | Means -
Break rules in order to attain ends (eg. deviance/crime)
Ritualism
Goals - | Means +
Realise will not attain goals (so they downgrade them) but make-up by overemphasising importance of institutionalised means by following them slavishly (eg. bureaucrat), lower-middle class
Retreatism
Goals - | Means -
Reject means/ends of capitalist society (eg. drug addicts/dropouts/tramps/psychotics/alcoholics)
Rebellion
Goals +/- | Means +/-
Reject means/ends of capitalist society but replace with alternative set of means/ends (e.g., Marxists advocate international revolution
as means
to attain communism
as end
)
Karl
Marx
Base and superstructure
Social change
Captialism
Revolution
Emile
Durkheim
Organic analogy and social change
Methodology
Social facts
Social solidarity
Mechanical
Shared collective consciousness
Pre-industrial (feudal) and primitive (tribal) homogenous societies: strong traditional belief systems (moral regulation/religion), little social change,fixed/inherited social roles/hierarchy, little division of labour, collective more important than individual
Organic
Functional interdependence
Modern civilization: flexible/adaptable, social interdependence derived from technical division of labour based on differences of social role/function through contractual arrangement negotiated through market forces/capitalism
Suicide
Social integration
Egoistic vs altruistic
Moral regulation
Anomic vs fatalistic
Criticism
Max
Weber
Social action and socialisation
Interpretivism and verstehen
Social action and ideal type
Power, legitimacy and authority
Stratification
Modernisation and capitalism
Teology
Bureaucracy
Symbolic Interactionism
Georg
Simmel
George Herbert
Mead
Self
I
(private self)
Me
(public/social self)
Development
Play stage
3-5 years old: social self not yet developed
Game stage
6-9 years old: fully developed social life with focus/control
Erving
Goffman
Self presentation/impression management
Dramaturgy
Setting
Front
Backstage
Role
Character
Performer
Embarassment
Contemporary Theories on Modernity