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Overview: Sociological Theories and Perspectives (Problem of modern…
Overview: Sociological Theories
and Perspectives
Problem of modern society
Marx
Diagnosis
Revolution
: polarisation of classes, intensification of class consciousness among workers
Alienation
: production process
Prognosis
Demise of capitalism, birth of communism
Durkheim
Diagnosis
Anomie
: domination of economic pursuit/weakening of moral regulation, extreme individualism, lack of moral regulatory power
Prognosis
Chronic moral illness
Weber
Diagnosis
Disenchantment
: rationalization of social life
Prognosis
Iron cage
: traps individuals in systems based purely on teleological efficiency, rational calculation and control
Simmel
Diagnosis
Overgrowth of objective culture and decline of subjective culture
(spirituality/art/literature/morality): blasé attitude/intellectualization of mind of city dwellers
Prognosis
Tragedy of culture
Relationship between individual and society
Durkheim
Society: objective existence (habits/customs and rules/laws), imposes itself on individuals through rituals/symbols, more than sum of individuals, needs to be reaffirmed at regular intervals to be kept alive in individuals
Mead
Society: symbolic entity, works on individual in the form of a “generalized other”, lives inside individual through ongoing internal dialogue between I/me
Simmel
Society: interdependent web of connections/interactions between individuals, existence of one presupposes the other
Religion
Durkheim
Society
= religion
=
rituals
+
symbols
Eg: Logos/Corporate events to commemorate important moments are standard sets for organisations
Weber
System of ideas that has meanings
Eg: Protestant ideas giving meaning to social actions (working hard/living small/accumulation of wealth) that led to early capitalism
Power
Weber
Source: law/tradition/charisma
Form of existence: centralised/embodied (powerful person/office)
Nature of control: external
Eg: government, top management of organisation, Queen Elizabeth II
Simmel
Source: knowledge/discourse
Form of existence: diffused/disembodied
Nature of control: internal/self-discipline
Eg: guidebook, adherence to medical treatment
Self
Mead
Internalisation of attitudes of others
Essence of self: internal dialogue between I/me
Rooted in reflection, reflexive self
Goffman
Relies on presence of others to complete him/herself
Rooted in interaction rituals
Essence of self: self-presentation/impression management
Social stratification
Marx
Relationship to means of product
Leads to revolution
Weber
Multidimensional: social/economic/political
May not lead to revolution