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PLATO & ARISTOTLE (PLATO (ALLEGORY OF THE CAVE (What we think is real,…
PLATO & ARISTOTLE
PLATO
ALLEGORY OF THE CAVE
What we think is real, doxa is an illusion.
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Reality is outside this world- ethereal, unchanging where there are perfect Forms.
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THEORY OF THE FORMS
FORM OF THE GOOD
Hierarchy of the Forms
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RECOGNITION: recognise, e.g. beauty because we've encountered it in the ethereal world in between incarnations.
Form: essence of an object, not spatial or temporal. For everything that exists temporally there is an eternal version of it.
All things we experience in this world are poor imitations of the true Forms which exist abstractly in the WoF's.
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Philosophers can see into WoF's & past world of illusion, whereas everyone else is stuck in doxa.
INFLUENCES
PYTHAGORAS: theorem demonstrated certain ideas, e.g. maths don't exist in temporal world but are recognised by us- eternal & unchanging.
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SOCRATES: no truth every certainly known in this world. Apparently changing world made up of unchanging elements.
PROBLEMS
ARISTOTLE- 3rd MAN FALLACY: theory of forms illogical, infinite no. of Forms.
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Tripartite of the soul is incoherent. Shouldn't value people differently..., against J' teachings, e.g. Good Samaritan.
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World created by a God- demiurge. Who made the world out of material that was already there- shaping. Craftsman.Desires the best for humanity.
ARISTOTLE
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4 CAUSES
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Formal
design that shapes formal concept, e.g. Statue (athena)
Efficient
builder/maker, e.g. Pheidas.
Final
Purpose or function, e.g. to be admired.
PRIME MOVER
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Everlasting, perfect, only contemplates himself, transcendent, impersonal, indivisible.
Doesn't interact w/ world- diff to Abrahamic religions. Selfish???All loving??? How can he assign us a purpose when... doesn't describe link between PM & us.
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Cause & effect
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Hume: what happens at the moment of change is a 'scientific curiosity'. Cause has no meaning unless coupled w/ an effect.
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ACTUALITY & POTENTIALITY
All things moved from state of actuality to potentiality. If universe needed to be in actual state of existence, has to be moved into that state by something that already exists
God pure actuality & unchangeable, contingent.
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CRITICISM'S TO PLATO
EVIDENCE: no empirical proof, no evidence of WoF's.
OBSERVATION,: empirical approach successful.
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