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Critiques of Ageing theories (STAC (2009) (STAC (Scaffolding Theory of…
Critiques of Ageing theories
Social Engagement Theory
commonly used to refer to one's participation in the activities of a social group
Critique
Membership of a criminal organisation and deviant behaviour has shown that it can detrimental to ones health (Avison and McLeod 2007 - conducted in the 1960's)
STAC (2009)
STAC
(Scaffolding Theory of Ageing and Cognition)
- limited by not combining life-course/span interventions to understand and predict cognitive status. STAC-r resolves this (2014 Reuter/Lorenz and Park). In other words, lifestyle factors that can influence brain structure and function
STAC suggests that cognitive engagement and mental training promote and strengthen scaffolding.
(Ballesteros 2015) - research into how sport.tai chi and cognitive brain games delay the onset of dementia. Used the STAC approach
HAROLD
(Hemispheric Asymmetry Reduction in OLDer adults)
(Cabeza 2002)
Roberto Cabeza found that elderly individuals who had maintained a given cognitive ability were characterized by the presence of patterns of activation that were bilateral as opposed to more lateralized activations in younger high-performing individuals as well as older, less performing, individuals
suggesting that age-related hemispheric asymmetry reductions may have a compensatory function by engaging additional brain areas, such as homologous contralateral regions (Reuter-Lorenz & Cappell, 2008; Reuter-Lorenz & Park, 2010)
The ex-illiterate brain: The critical period, cognitive reserve and HAROLD model
Study of ex-illiterates over 50 and illiterates over 50 (
Maria Vania Silva Nunes 2009
)
Grady (2012) suggested that lifespan studies, assessing young to old and the brain mechanism behind them
Cognitive Reserve Hypothesis
It was proposed to explain why there might be significant differences between individuals in susceptibility to age-related brain changes or pathology related to AD, whereby some can tolerate more of these changes than others (Stern, 2012).
Epidemiological studies suggest that lifelong experiences, including educational and occupational attainment, and leisure activities in later life, can increase this reserve.
PASA
(Posterior Anterior Shift in Ageing)
(Dennis and Cabeza 2008)
Dennis & Cabeza (2008) suggested that the preservation of other cognitive abilities is associated with some degree of intra-hemispheric reorganization as reported by the patterns of activation in neuroimaging studies
This reorganization has been frequently reported to occur from the occipito-temporal to the frontal cortex (Davis et al., 2008).
Episodic and retrieval visual tasks - Simon Davis (2008)
CRUNCH (
Compensation-Related Utilization of Neural Circuits Hypothesis
(Grady and Craick 2000)
The most unexpected and intriguing result from functional brain imaging studies of cognitive ageing is evidence for age-related over-activation: greater activation in older adults than in younger adults, even when performance is age-equivalent (Grady & Craik, 2000).
According to the CRUNCH phenomenon, brain age-related
over-activation is seen as compensatory.
But the same computational output is made in younger people
Joseph Maes (2017)
Effect of effortful
encoding on episodic memory in older adults
is dependent on executive functioning
Critiques
Grady