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medicine through time (the western front (individuals (James Blundell (the…

- - - - his carbolic spray laid the foundations for aseptic surgery and by 1900 most opperations took place using this method
      - examples of practices of aseptic surgery
        
        rubber gloves and gowns were worn to prevent bacteria clinging to clothing
        
        steam was used to sterilize equitment
    - - accidentally discovered xrays when experimenting how light moved through a glass tube covered in black paper
        
        however the health risks relating to xrays weren't fully understood meaning many patients suffered with burns of hair loss
      - the machines caused problems as they took up to 90 minutes to work and were extremely fragile
      - mobile xray units
        
        xrays were powered out the back of vans.they weren't as good as perminant units however had the ability to detect if a shrapnel injury had occurred.
    - - performed blood transfusions on women who had lost a significant amount of blood in childbirth
        
        with upto a 50 percent survival rate many of his ideas and techniques were uterlized on the western frount
      - the main 2 problems of blood transfusions were:
        
        blood clots
        
        Wright a british scientist concluded that a mixture of soluble acids prevented cloating
        
        rejection
        
        Ottenburg an American doctor was the first person to make a patient to donor match
      - Geoffery keynes
        
        designed a portable blood transfusion kit which was used on the frount line
      - Richard lewisohn
        
        discovered that sodium citrate could be added to blood to allow indirect transfusions to take place
      - at the battle of cambria in 1917 a large blood bank stored vast amounts of blood kept in cases filled with ice and sawdust.
    - - between 1914 to 1915 men with compound fractures due to shrapnel or gunshot wounds only had a 20% chance of survival but Robert jones and his uncle worked to create a splint which prevented the joints from moving .The splint was used to support the riggid leg in transportation and increased the death rate to 82%.
    - - An American neuroscientist who developed new brain surgery techniques such as the use of magnets in order to remove metal fragments from the brain and the use of only general anaesthetic when performing brain surgery
      - many died from brain injuries at the beginning of the war because:
        
        it was extremely difficult to move men with brain injuries
        
        their was little neurosurgery knowledge
        
        the issue of infection played a key part in this area of the body
        
        there were not as many head injuries compared to injuries to limbs and other bodily areas as many soilders wore helmets
    - - was a plastic surgeon who brought soilders back to England as his work was exremly intricate he performed facial reconstructive surgery.
  - - - could deal with harsh terrain
      - however patients were jogged about causing worsening in injuries
      - the lack of transport had led to many soldiers being left to die so by 1914 enough money was raised to bring 512 ambulances to the front line
    - - Rap:was extremely close to the front line only 200m away .The performed emergency first aid but could not deal with any serious injuries. The main goal of Rap was to get soldiers fighting as quickly and efficiently as possible.
        
        ADS:Advanced dressing station located 400m from the RAP.Not particularly advanced or specialised doctors would dress wounds.
        
        MDS:Performed the sme role as the ADS however were situated 1 mile further back.
        
        Casualty cleaning station:were situated far back from the frount line near railway.Here casualties were sorted into triage-the walking wounded-those who needed hospital treatment -those who had serious injury with no chance of recovery.
        
        base hospitals:were situated near the French coast an example would be Thompsons cave.Easy transportation back to England.more hospitals were built after the somme.
  - - - prevention was key with trench foot
      - oil was rubbed on feet to protect them
      - feet were kepped dry by regularly changing socks
      - if gangrene was developed the only option was amputation
    - - delousing stations were set up and this reduced the amount of casses
    - - some soilders were brought back to England but many were shot for cowardly behaviour
  - - - were a branch of the army who were responsible for medical care established in1898
    - - this was an organisation of nurses which provided support frountline care and drove ambulances
- - - - the adverisment of tobaccowas beginning to be banned in 1965 until it was totally banned in 2005
    - - 1956 and 1968 to help build a healthier environment to people to live within
  - - - they were both working at cambidge university were they say the xrays of dna produced by frankin they built a model of the structre of dna discovering its double helix structure
    - - fleming discovers penicillin by chance in 1928 and writes articles focusing upon it however he has littlw facilities and support to allow it to grow.
        
        later on in 1975 he one the nobel peace price for his work
    - - in 1937 these oxford scientists began reasearching into penicillin after reading the articles produced by flemming.They gathered a team of top reasearchers who experimented with new freeze drying technology
        
        the british government began funding florey and chains work however at the beging of ww2 production in Britain was at threat so they flew penicillian to amerjsn
        
        the uaa and uk funded mass production and by 1943 penicillin was used within the war
    - - erlcih systematicly tested arsenic compounds upon mice how had been infected by sythalis if in order to find a compound which would kill the bacteria but not the mouse.This compound was number 606 and it was named a magic bullet
    - - discovered in 1900 that genes come in pairs and on was from each parent
  - - - 20% to 82%
  - - - if someone is suspected to have cancer they would be given a CT scan which detects that cancer may be present in the lungs before the scan the body is injected with dye to highlight cancer areas
        
        the patients will be given a broncoscope which is passed down into the patients lungs then sent away for testing
        
        if cancer is thought to be present a patient eill be given a PET CT scan similar to a CT scan however a small amount of radioactive material is injected not dye
- - - - discovered blood circulation and that the heart acted as a pump through experiments and took inspiration from the new London water pumps
    - - performed dissections publicly in order to display the anatomy of the human body to a vast amount of people
      - disproved galen by discovering the jaw was made of one bone and the breast bone was made up of 3 pieces he additionally disproved galen by discovering that blood didn't flow through the heart via tiny holes
      - he wrote a book called the fabric of the human body in order to spread his ideas
    - - worked to diagnose illness
      - inforced the idea that a good way to get over an illness was tjrough rest and eating and drinking chicken and wine
- - - - 1848:the first public health act encouraged councils to have a health officer and make their area a nice place to live
      - however the public health act was not enforced so little change to place until1875 the new public health made councils legally responsible for providing clean water,public toilets, rubbish removal and drains and sewars
  - - - nightingale was a nurse who worked to improve the cleanliness in hospitals providing clean bedding and creating organisational systems.Her work becme famous within the crimea war and her practises decreased the moratlity rate within hospitals from 40% to 2%
        
        she went on to make new hospitals and make nursing a respectable carrer
    - - originally the treatment for small pox was inoculation which involved infecting a person with a disease in a controlled manner in order to build immunity however this was highlighy dangerous.Jenner discovered by observation that milkmaids who had cowpox did not aquire small pox sp jenner ran experiments giving healthy humans cowpox and viewing if they developed small pox he proved that if you had cow pox you did not get small pox.so therefore he produced a vaccination which built immunity against small pos
        
        he was give a 30,000 grant and wrote his own book to spread his ideas on vaccination
    - - Koch had rivalry between himself and Pasteur due to the francoprussian war we investigated anthrax killing sheep he took the bacteria from the sheep and gave it to a mouse and the mouse died proving that bacteria caused illness and not bad air
    - - solved the problem of infection as when operating he wrapped wounds in badages soaked in carbolic acid
    - - was asked by Neoplion iii to discover why the wine was going bad he began investigating the wine and discovered their were microbes within it making it taste bad .He found a certain temperature that prevented the microbes from forming but did not effect the taste this was called pasteurisation.
        
        this was the beginig of germ theory as microbes were thought to make you ill and not miasma(bad air)
        
        Pasteur began to think if microbes could make wine bad perhaps they could have a harmful effect upon humans
    - - cholera came about due to the rapid rate of industrialisation as many were disposing of waste and fesses and drinking from the same water source.the first epidemic was 1831-1832 and snow mapped the cases around London tracing the back to a specific water pump he removed the handle of this specific water pump the waterboard rejected his claims and his ideas were unheard of until the government supported him
    - - discovered in 1847 that chloroform could effect your nervous system making you less aware of the sensation of pain this was the first ever anastetic
- - - - attended church services
      - so performed self flagellation