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Pressure Groups (Functions of PG's (Policy Formulation (Not policy…

- - - - Access to policy makers.
      - Low profile.
      - Mainstream.
      - Strong leadership.
      - Enjoy regular privileged access to govt. Insider access allows groups to exert influence directly on policy makers.
    - - No/limited access to policy makers.
      - High profile.
      - Radical goals.
      - Strong grass routes.
      - Lack knowledge/skill to become an insider group. Radical aims not compatible with the govt. Use Direct action.
- - - - Work at core executive and develop govt policy.
        
        Groups aspire to have these contacts (insider status).
      - Need group co-operation.
      - Groups are needed for advice and knowledge.
      - Need to know the reaction of affected groups to propose policies.
      - E.G BMA consulted by Department of Health.
    - - PG's with links to political parties can influence govt.
      - Achieved by donations and funding.
      - Party govt means govt formed by political party with majority in HoC.
      - E.G Trade Unions and Labour.
    - - Groups without insider status will lobby parliament.
        
        Details of legislation can be changed.
        
        Private member bills.
        
        Professional lobbying.
      - Intro of department select committee.
      - More independent back benchers.
      - PG's hire lobbyists.
      - E.G RSBP and Lord Brook private members Bill.
    - - Groups seek to influence in courts.
      - Involves changing govt policy on grounds that ministers have breached legal rights.
      - More widely used since 1980's.
      - Increased judicial review.
      - E.G UBER -> pay/mistreatment & Client Earth -> Pollution.
    - - Used by both insider and outsider groups.
        
        Useful because govt will pay attention for fear of suffering electoral consequences.
        
        Typical tactics are petitions, marches and demonstrations. -> attract media attention and gain wider influence.
        
        Rarely affect policy but, can damage image of PM&govt.
      - E.G Anti - poll tax protesters in 1990's continued into Thatchers downfall.
    - - Strikes, blockades, sit ins.
      - Non- violent directin. e.g women peace camp.
      - Most political protestors take place within constitutional and legal framework.
      - Direct action aims to cause disruption/inconvenience.
      - E.G Enviromental activities.