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bokhistoria (Kap 3 the coming of print (The enlightenment (s.59 (L'…

- - - - books were reproduced by scribes
      - written onto parchment of vellum
      - copying would proceed only in daylight because the risk of of fire prohibited the use of artificial light
      - various styles of writing were eveloped to speed up the process
  - - - the invention of printing transformed books into a tradable commodity that required a system of production, sales, and distribution
      - en ökning av literaciteten ledde till att literaturen fick en större betydelse i europas kultur
      - alla delarna av produktionen skedde på samma plats inom samma firma
      - 16th century
        
        copperplate ingravings for illustrations
        
        change from gothic and black-letter type into roman and italic types
      - s.48
        
        soon a separation between bookprinters and booksellers
        
        international sales structures
        
        three major bookfairs
        
        trade in books
        
        pronters resalised soon that their survival depended upon efficient distribution
        
        catalogues and broaddsides that described a publishers stock
  - - - pocket-sized editions
        
        the octavo format
        
        the italic type
        
        economical use of the printed area
        
        narrow and condesed
        
        many more copies utan att det blev sämre kvalite
      - the first publishers' catalogues - 1498, 1503, 1513
      - motståndare till att trycka böcker
        
        it corrupted knowledge by making it freely accesible to the ignorant
    - - inte styrt av ett 'guild' först
        
        friare
        
        inget monopol
      - printing guilds andra halvan av1500talet
      - the printing force divided into a hierarchy
  - - - printing workshops represented a coming together of various established skills
      - guteberg first a goldsmith
    - - johann Fust
      - Peter Shöffer
      - printing spreading throughout Europe
  - - - a battle of doctrines, holy books and modes of worship fought out in a realmof public debate that was opened up by print
      - Martin Luther 1517
      - the mass production of books allowed the new generation of reforming ideas to reach a much wider audience with much greater speed than ever before, and forced issues of reform to be debated in public
      - print became an interface between the scolarship of learned reformers and the different forms of a dominantly oral and visual popular culture
  - - - the study of humanity
      - revive ancient ideas and apply them in a contemporary setting for the moral regeneration of society
        
        translating classical texts and creating new standards of histography and philology
        
        composing poetry, ethical treatises, histories, and letters - in italian and latin
      - 'lost' ancient greek text were found and brought to the public
      - the recovery of ancient learning
      - the power of reason to bring about moral reform
      - Christian humanism
  - - - printing spread through eastern europe in the 1940s
      - London stationers company was granted monoploly on printing in London 1557
    - - 18th century - a decentralized book trade infrastructure (England)
      - developement of the statutory copyright
      - map-production
        
        smuggled
        
        a need for new and reliable maps
        
        ptolmemaic map
        
        theatrum - atlas of the world
  - - - intellectual movement
      - critical of contemporary society, and especially of religion
        
        represesenting the shackles of superstition that limited the human spirit.
        
        this spitit could be freed by social progress through the application of reason to human affairs and through advances in scientific knowledge
    - - L'Encyclopédie, ou Dictionnaire raisonnée des Sciences, des Arts, et des Métiers
        
        purposes were to make a summary of all contemporary knowledge and to show that reason was a sufficient basis upon which to rely, thus replacing religion
        
        35 volymer
        
        1751-1772
      - Montesquieu
        
        political questions
        
        legitimacy of various forms of government
        
        the appropriatness of legislation in the regulation of everyday life
      - some change with monarchs and other leaders
      - the wider development of a literate citizenship itself created a desire for knowledge that stimulated the creation, production, and distribution of new titels that, in turn, promoted the ideals of a literate citizenship and its right to knowledge
    - - inspired thinkers of the french and american revolution
        
        the concept of human natural rights
  - - - comunication of both materials and information drastically improved
      - urbanization
      - changes affected both the demand for and the supply of print
      - improvment in transportation
        
        a new range of print
      - expanded buissiness community
        
        required a variety of of printed products for administarion and advertising
      - literacy lewels rising
        
        new kinds and greater quantities
      - technological advancements
        
        shift from hand press to machines
        
        The Times
        
        higher operational speeds
    - - printing linked with the dissenmination of radical ideas and the raising of political awareness
        
        a culture of oral communication
      - printing less centered in London
  - - - revolution in printing
        
        lower costs and higher output
        
        production more efficient and much faster
      - Education acts
      - publishing houses
      - many books published at low prices
  - - - merchandizing
      - vem har rätten till en text?
      - first UK Copyright Act of 1709
        
        copyright belonged to the author
      - copyright not international first
      - universal copyright convention 1952
  - - - Penguin
        
        "uppfann" paperbacks
        
        tog över världen
      - need for education in the war
  - - - transnational marketing
      - transnational conglomerates
        
        HarperCollins
        
        Bertelsmann
- - - - separation of the evolution of manusctipt culture
        
        Monastic age - 400AD - 1100AD
        
        religious works
        
        Secular age - end of 12th century to the late 15th century
        
        humanistic works
    - - monopolet (textskapande)fanns först hos monasteries and religious centers
        
        scriptoria
        
        scriveners
      - foundation of universities
        
        developement of new reading public
        
        libraries for the students
      - 13th century - a demand for the production of texts in areas such as law, politics, science, and medecin + other more recreational
  - - - Bonaventure
        
        the act of writing - four categories
        
        commentator
        
        scribe
        
        author
        
        compiler
        
        focused on the mechanical reproduction of thought and idea - not imaginative literature, information provision or intellectual interpretation
    - - Chaucer
      - authors did not have ultimate ownership of the texts
      - authority was something that could reside in a text independent on its link with an author
        
        well into the early modern period it was age, authenticity, and conformity with truth, not individual genius, that was thought to confer authority on texts and authors
  - - - vad en författare var och vad det stod för ändrades under renässansen
      - writing became an individualized activity, a potential for recognition and social advancement
      - författares kamp mot äganderätt
  - - - before copyright
        
        the general pattern of exchange for authors was within a highly structured patronage system
        
        through a complex set of symbolic and material transactions, patrons recieved honor and status in the form of service to their clients, and inreturn provided both material immaterial rewards
    - - relationen till klienterna
      - vad som skrevs om
  - - - the role of the patron shifted with the rise of mechanical print production
      - inte lika stor kontroll på innehållet hos klienterna
      - publishers sponsrade författare i skapande av ett specifikt verk
      - from courtly to market driven patronage
      - informal literary circles and salons
      - what authors wrote was not properly theirs
        
        they had no vested interest in the completed work, for it was not a thing they could or might wish to acknowledge as their own
        
        writers were not authors
  - - - förändring i vem som läste verken
      - subscription publishing 1600-1730
      - half-profit systems 17-1800tal
      - buying the copyright from the author
        
        either forewer or a few years or a number of editions
      - the royalty system 1800-tal
      - copyright - as in exclusive control - 1400 och framåt
        
        fick kämpas för - inte automatiskt
    - - thinking of texts as actions
      - international copyright 1886 - Berne Convention
  - - - bättre tekniker, produktion, transport, komunikation
      - shiftong power in the booktrade
        
        publisher störst - printer & seller =mindre roller
      - changes in legal statues, technology, buissiness practices and social formations created circumstances by wich printed texts, manufactured more quickly and at increasingly cheaper costs, could be sold to a widening mass audience
        
        large profits
        
        authors claiming profits
    - - möjlighet att kunna livnära sig som författare 1800
  - - - metoder att diskutera texter
      - to understand the text first as well as and then even better than its author 1985
      - Levis 1900
        
        texts themselves were the ultimate source of truth, that authority was invested in words produced by creative geniuses standing above human nature
        
        only 6 authors in British literature worthy of study
      - Roland Barthes 1967
        
        'the death of the author'
        
        the author does not exist once his work passes into public domain
        
        readers created their own meanings without the aid of this concept of an author
      - Michel Foucault
        
        "What is an author?" 1968
- - - - Near East and Mesopotamia 3500-3300 BC
      - ett behov av lagar, regler och codes for commercial transactions
      - clay tablets
        
        cuneiform script
      - egyptian hieroglyhics
        
        mer sofistikerat
        
        political purpose
    - - Proto-Sinaitic, and hieroglyfically inspired alphabetic signs - 1850-1500 BC
      - "a careful attention to the representation of words, a practice of transcription that believed inaccuracies would violate sacred tenents and have unforseen, dire consequenses."
      - truth,authority and the sacred nature of the written word
      - kristendomen och det skrivna ordet
    - - writing contained to the ecclestial sphere, practised mainly within the confines of monasteries and abbeys
      - Latin = a common language
  - - - Walter Ong s.32-33
        
        "more than any other single invention, writing writing has transformed human conciousness"
        
        writing involved new kinds of cognitive experiences
        
        "Oral discourse has commonly been thought of [...] as weeving or stitching"
        
        "fixed, formulaic thought patterns were essential for wisdom and effective administration"
      - the move from oral to written traditions involved social transformations
    - - writing and manuscript culture [...] retained many of the traditions of oral discourse
      - sokrates - the effect writing had on greek society
    - - sokrates "A written composition on any subject must be to a large extent the creation of fancy [and as a result] ... nothing worth serious attention has ever been written in prose or verse"
      - Phaedrus
      - new cultural accomodation
      - the creation of a new noetic world
    - - writing - imortant role in the evolution of national languages
      - the fixing of language
      - crucial role in redirecting and reshaping experience throughout human history
      - Marshall McLuhan
        
        gutenberg
  - - - technological advancements and the developement of important writing materials
      - papyrus
    - - quills cut from reeds
      - parchment from animal hides
        
        codex ca.40-103 AD
        
        flexible in size
        
        better durability
      - paper made from hemp or linnen 8th century china
      - paper mills
    - - erratic use of punctuation etc.
      - misenterpretations of texts
  - - - writing confined to the elit groupings of society
      - power in having acces to and understanding the written word
      - writing kept the form of oral culture
      - assumption that few could read the texts but many more would end up hearing them
    - - texts were ment to be shared
      - reading aloud was the norm
      - Richard de Bury
        
        writing is a physical representation of truth
    - - writing exerted power through its presence in material form
  - - - history is often written by those who are dominant in cultural and historical terms
    - - the collision between colonial powers and colonized groupes in oral, written and print cultures
      - how oral and print cultural discourses could collide
      - the use of writing to exercise political and tribal power
    - - the practical impact of writing
    - - gutenberg
        
        mass-produktion
      - under renässansen
        
        reading and literacy rates improved - not writing though