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Compare and Contrast the regimes of Mao and Hitler (Consolidation and…

- - - - Hitler: Nazism, external enemy --> allied powers, Greater ermany, rebirth, rejection of democracy that was seen as weak and the enemy
        
        Expansionist Policy denied due to TOV would restore prestige to Germany; Purge of non-Germanic elements restoring Germany to its former glory and preparing it for the future; social Darwinism
        
        Reorganisation, militarisation
      - Mao: Communism, external enemy --> Japanese; weaker peasant force was main support base --> Uneducated and often marginalised by the GMD, which made them easy targets for Mao to persuade. Mao interpreted Marxism and applied it to China's situation, redefined the communist movement as a national movement, not a class movement,
        
        Developed a close relationship with the people. Cadres living among the peasants converted many to their cause.
    - - targeted specific groups
        
        Mao: peasants as his main support base
        
        Hitler: Aryan race, industrialists and workers
  - - - Had to violently defeat enemy to get there- Chinese Civil War
      - Manipulated his way to power through legal means- Enabling Act 1933
      - Mao: More open/public in his use of terror and force
      - Hitler: Institutionalised terror and force. Covertly killed off political opponents/ wasn't obvious to people through SS and Gestapo
      - Created the SA to control political opponents (paramilitary)
      - Developed the Red Army to fight the GMD (military)
    - - The Night of Long Knives 1934
      - The purge of the Red Guards - Futian incident 1930
        
        4000 Red Army troops were tortured and executed on Mao's orders
      - Normalization of violence due to years of civil strife
      - Concentration camps to get rid of potential political opponents
        
        Hitler: SS controlled concentration camps that held Jews, asocials, gypsies, homosexuals and more
        
        Mao: Rectification campaigns (1942) to remove potential political opponents
      - Acceptance of the terror and force because desperation for order to be restored after Weimar inefficiency
      - Formation of the Red Army
  - - - Invasion of an External Force
        
        Japan invaded China during WWII and the GMD did nothing initially against the threat of these invaders from the peasants, who were raided and attacked constantly by the Japanese
        
        The GMD's reason for not retaliating against the Japanese and protecting the peasants was because the GMD wanted to focus on getting rid of the CCP and communist influence first
        
        It was only the CCP who initiated the 2nd United Front to oppose the Japanese, which caused the CCP to gain the support of the peasants who were previously oppressed
        
        In 1923, Germany was invaded by France due to the Ruhr industrial crisis as Germany were unable to pay back the reparations that they had been required to do as part of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles
        
        Hitler and the Nazi Party were unable to capitalise on the failures of the Weimar due to the fact that Hitler had been imprisoned after the Munich Beerhall Putsch
        
        Therefore, the Nazis were only able to utilise the fact that Weimar were economically weak later on following the events that followed the Great Depression in 1929
      - Problem of Previous Governments
        
        GMD in China was unpopular as very few of their policies were not to the benefit of the masses, whom were oppressed by the high taxes and the landlords. Additionally, the GMD appealed only to the middle class, and only made policies in favour of the middle class such as increasing nationalistic sentiments among them to create more favour for the GMD
        
        The Weimar Government was disliked due to their many failures at solving national issues and satisfying the Germans
        
        Hyperinflation in 1923 and The Great Depression in 1929 were both economic problems that the Weimar were unable to or took a very long time to recover from the 1923 event, and they were unable to recover by themselves from the Great Depression
        
        The Weimar Government was labelled the 'November Criminals' as they accepted the Treaty of Versailles, which had a huge negative impact on Germany's land, resources, population, and economy. Additionally, the War Guilt Clause was a huge blow to German pride and made the German people angry at the government for accepting the terms of the treaty
    - - Economic
        
        Both Hitler and Mao promised to rejuvenate their respective economies. Hitler promised to reduce and erase unemployment through the creation of jobs. While Mao saw that taxes had been levied heavily on the peasants and hence promised to redistribute land to peasants. While methods were inherently different, it can be seen that both Mao and Hitler placed huge emphasis on rejuvenating their respective economies
        
        This was a major reason for both their rise to power as both Germans and the Chinese were extremely determined to install leaders who showed that they were able to provide economic rebirth and improve the livelihood of the citizens of their respective countries
      - Military
        
        Weimar were unable to deal with extremism due to the weak military strength that it had at the time. Military support was conditional as seen by the Sparticist Uprising of 1918-1919, where the military suppressed the Bolsheviks readily, but were unwilling to defend the country during the Kapp Putsch of 1920
        
        Hitler hence used the SA to assault communists, promising to cleanse Germany of communists. Hitler thus was able to rise to power as he was seen to be strong and Germany's only hope against the communists, attracting the support of industrialists, landowners and film studio owners
        
        Similarly, the GMD was unable to defend China against the threat of the Japanese. Chiang was seen to be suppressing communists and slow to respond to Japanese incursions
        
        Hence, Mao was credited for forging the Second United Front in 1937, allowing the CCP to establish stronger nationalist credentials than the GMD, leading to Mao's rise
        
        Therefore, it can be seen that both Mao and Hitler were able to present themselves as the saviour of their respective countries, rallying the nation against a common enemy, allowing them to rise to power
  - - - education system
        
        Hitler Youth programmes were set up
        
        to promote Nazi ideas
        
        brainwash youth to become loyal Nazi followers
        
        Mao depended on students to change the education system and influence the rest of China
      - propaganda aimed at students who were
        
        uneducated and illiterate in China
        
        posters of Mao
        
        modern and educated in Germany
        
        had modern advanced technology
        
        Broadcasts
        
        radios
        
        had Goebbels in charge
    - - Red Guard
      - Nazis
      - appeal to workers
  - - - signs of adulation
        
        Hitler day: Birthday celebration 20th april 1933 (44th)
        
        students would greet one another using Mao's sayings
      - Portrayed themselves to be like a god-like
    - - anti-semitic
      - dynamism
        
        prefectorial election campaign - flying visits
- - - - Comparisons
        
        Hitler's 4 Year Plan
        
        The plan sought to have Germany become self-sufficient in 4 years, known as autarky
        
        Oil, steel and coal production increased greatly, but still did not hit the plan’s targets.
        
        More food was grown in Germany, but by 1939, one-fifth of food was still imported from other countries.
        
        The income of Germany more than doubled, and military spending increased drastically - from 6% of the GNP to 38%.
        
        Mao's Economic Policies
        
        5 Year Plan
        
        Adapted Soviet model of industrialization
        
        Included emphasis on heavy industry (steel production, electricity power plants, machine tool plants, etc)
        
        Increased industrial output more than 1.5X from 1949 to 1952
        
        Helped cut unemployment in cities by half
        
        Increase standard of living of all citizens
        
        Impacts
        
        Ended the Nationalist Capitalist Phase and saw the nationalization of all industries. The CCP turned to the USSR for advice, and the plan was heavily based on their model. China received a $300 million loan from the USSR and more than 11,000 Soviet advisors worked in China in the 50's. Urban population grew from 57 million in 1949, to a 100 million in 1957. Heavy industrial output tripled, and light industry increased 20%.
        
        Having restored a viable economic base, the leadership under Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, and other revolutionary veterans were prepared to embark on an intensive program of industrial growth and socialization. For this purpose, the administration adopted the Soviet economic model, based on state ownership in the modern sector, large collective units in agriculture, and centralized economic planning. The Soviet approach to economic development was manifested in the First Five-Year Plan (1953–1957).
        
        The key tasks highlighted in the Plan were to concentrate efforts on the construction of large and medium-sized industrial projects, so as to lay that the primary foundations for China’s socialist industrialization; to develop agricultural producers’ cooperatives to help in the socialist transformation of the agriculture and handicraft industries; to put capitalist industry and commerce on the track of state capitalism so as to facilitate the socialist transformation of private industry and commerce.
        
        The plan to boost heavy industry worked. Production of metals, cement, and other industrial goods was modernized under the Five Year Plan. Many factories and building facilities opened, increasing industrial production 19-percent annually between 1952 and 1957. The industrialization of China also increased workers’ income nine percent a year during this time.
        
        Even though agriculture was not a main focus, the Chinese government worked to make farming more modern. Just as it did with private enterprises, the government encouraged farmers to collectivize their farms. Collectivization gave the government the ability to control the price and distribution of agricultural goods, keeping food prices low for urban workers. However, it did not increase grain production by much.
        
        Though farmers pooled their resources at this time, families were still allowed a small private piece of land to grow crops for their personal use.
        
        By 1957, over 93-percent of farming households had joined a cooperative.
        
        “The First Five Year Plan produced results that were impressive enough to sustain the Chinese leaders’ dreams… Of course, agriculture could not grow at anything like this pace. Though agricultural production and rural economic conditions were not in deep crisis, their level of performance was a thin reed upon which to rest grandiose plans for rapid industrialisation.” -Marc Blecher, historian
        
        Great Leap Forward
        
        Mao launched the national campaign to boost China’s economy. It aimed at industrialising China between 1958 and 1961. Mao wanted China to have by 1973 a new, industrialized, centrally-planned economy that would rival or surpass its Western rivals.
        
        Mao was tired of following in the footsteps of the USSR, and launched his own politicised version of a 5 year plan.
        
        2 more items...
        
        Common objectives and methods
        
        Both Hitler and Mao use their economic policies to help them gain popularity among the citizens (decreasing unemployment, redistribution of land)
        
        Used force to help implement their policies and/or purge opposition
        
        Had government-created economic plans (Nazi 4-year plan, Great Leap Forward, 5 Year plan)
        
        Nationalized industries to try to increase efficiency (collectivization)
        
        Tried to control costs of certain parts of the economy
        
        Both had special emphasis on increasing heavy industry
        
        Nationalized industries
        
        In terms of the industrial changes, their actions were quite similar. They both heavily invested in the industry. They both had planned economy.
    - - Hiter
        
        Rearmament
        
        Rearmament created new jobs
        
        manufacturing arms
        
        supplying raw material
        
        manufacturing military equipment, eg tanks and submarines.
        
        Impact
        
        1933 – 100,000 members in the armed forces
        1939 – 1,400,000 members
        
        (All this was technically prohibited by the ToV)
        
        The economy grew as the country prepared for war and rearmament.
        
        Whilst large businesses were prospering, small businesses and the middle classes were squeezed out of the market. The government provided aid to farmers, told them what they should grow and how much to grow, and dictated their prices.
        
        The majority of Germans were glad to get secure and fairly safe jobs. Industrial workers had regular work, although they had lost their rights.
      - Mao
        
        5 Year Plan
        
        The first 5 year plan emphasised industrial growth . The government redistribute land was confiscated from former landlords and redistributed to landless peasants and owners of small plots, as well as to the landlords themselves, who now had to till the land to earn a living. The reform liberated productive forces, increased the productivity of agriculture, and laid the basis for the industrialization of China. The law defined the principles and methods for the expropriation and re-allocation of land. It protected the interests of rich peasants, middle peasants (meaning self-sufficient peasants) and renters of small plots, as well as the national bourgeoisies, so as to preserve and develop the productive forces as rapidly as possible.
        
        To show the industrial progress made during the First-Five Yr Plan The First Five-Year Plan, 1953-57
        
        Great Leap Forward
        
        Cause the Great Famine from 1958 to 1962 due to failure of Collectivisation and Lysenkonism policies implemented by Mao
        
        Drop of agricultural production in 1959 and 1960, the gross value of agricultural output fell by 14 percent and 13 percent (http://countrystudies.us/china/88.htm)
  - - - Establishment of Red Guards during Cultural Revolution [1966-1976] to purge the 4 olds (HICC).
      - Wave of anti-intellectualism encouraged. Schools were closed during the CR, students were encouraged to beat up their teachers.
      - Given freedom to be rebellious. Pased intel to counter-revolutionaries passed to them from PLA during CR.
    - - Creation of Hitler Youth (Hitlerjugend) to prepare youth to become future leaders of the Nazi regime. Membership was compulsory for Ayran Germans by 1936, and vital for admission into German universities
        
        Women
        
        Joined League of German Maidens. Taught Domestic Sciences to prepare them for roles as housewives in the future. Not encouraged to work but some did in minor roles (Nurse, cook in Nazi military etc.)
        
        Men
        
        Physical, military-orientated training to prepare them to become soldiers in the Nazi army.
        
        Both
        
        A wave of anti-intellectualism: Book-burning of books anti-Nazi and Hitler Youth hindered the German youth from accessing education (No. of German students that went to University: 1933 - 127,820 students, 1939 - 58,325 students). Both genders also went through an anti-semitic education system [E.g Learning Racial Studies, Biology] that promoted traditional subjects in schools
        
        Both genders were also forced to attend the branches of Hitler Youth after 1936
        
        Historiography
        
        “Education is dangerous – Every educated person is a future enemy.” -Hermann Goering
        
        “Universal education is the most corroding and disintegrating poison that liberalism has ever invented for its own destruction.” -Adolf Hitler
        
        “In relation to the political decontamination of our public life, the government will embark upon a systematic campaign to restore the nation’s moral and material health. The whole educational system, theater, film, literature, the press and broadcasting – all these will be used as a means to this end.” -Adolf Hitler
    - - Similarities
        
        Anti-intellectualism thrived & establishing amongst the youth
        
        Both emphasised importance of preparing youth to take over the old generation of leadership
        
        Training of youths to become informants of the regimes
      - Differences
        
        The methods of how the youth were trained to prepare for leadership [Conformism VS Freedom]
        
        The power given to the youth
  - - - pro natalist policies
        
        mother cross
        
        abortion legalised
        
        banned contraceptives
        
        law for the reduction of unemployment
        
        fountain of life policy
      - employment
        
        law for the reduction of unemployment
        
        higher qualifications not recognised
      - education
        
        latin banned
        
        domestic skills focused on
      - league of german maidens
    - - marriage law reform
      - employment
        
        8% to 32%
      - property rights
      - politics
        
        1953 election
      - women's organisation federation 76 million members
    - - anti feminist and opposed women's rights
      - women's main purpose were to have children and take care of husband and house
    - - equality
      - empower women
    - - they had policies on women
      - established their role in society
    - - Mao wanted female equality while hitler wanted to reduce women to their traditional gender roles
        
        Mao gave them more rights while hitler denied them rights
- - - - Similarities --- personality cult that was established in both Nazi Germany and China. Mao and Hitler were portrayed as saviour of the Nation, and above in power existing influences in society, such as religious and cultural icons.
      - This includes the revision of the practice of Christianity in Nazi Germany, and the denunciation of Confucianism in China, of which both beliefs have been prevalent in societies for decades or even centuries.
      - in both countries, this allowed the consolidation of absolute obedience to the authoritarian rule of the two leaders, by eradicating age-old icons and shifting people's allegiance from individual beliefs to a unified national one. This added to the air of public adulation, making it hard for opposition to arise.
  - - - 1.
  - - - Included policies like eugenics, euthansia of the old and weak, segragation of the Aryan Race from other races [Black, Jewish, Romani]
      - Domestic policies used to create a state where people loved their Fuhrer over themselves, as well as become more traditional, and revert to their old methods.
      - Compared to Mao, Hitler mostly manipulated judicial and social reforms [as well as foreign policy] - economy wasn't important
    - - The first 5 year plan, the Great Leap Forward, Hundred Flowers Campaigns and its after effects were done in an attempt to benefit the society
  - - - major difference. Hitler has a direct impact on his consolidation of power, that he signed the Concordat to gain support from the Catholic church. He leveraged on the fears of Left wing parties
  - - - The Nazis used legal methods to gain power, although there were 'behind-the-scene' driving forces. Therefore, consolidation for them is about how they convinced the masses to follow through with their rule, because they wanted to gain power 'democratically' while using elements of dictatorship to slowly establish his authoritarian state.
      - Mao had a revolution [civil war], to overthrow the existing regime of the GMD. There was no real need to prove to be 'democratic' because Mao had established himself as a reliable leader, and the communist ideology was perceived to be democratic. Therefore, consolidation was more of gaining control over the existing regime to change it into a communist nation.
      - Since the method they used to rise to power was different, due to several reasons, their method of consolidation had to take on different natures to address the areas of influence that the dictators had to control.